Foundations

ML Fundamentals

Neural networks, backpropagation, gradient descent — the maths behind AI

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ML Maths Basics
beginner
Manipulate vectors and matrices
Supervised Learning
beginner
Train decision trees, random forests, and neural nets
Unsupervised Learning
intermediate
Apply k-means and DBSCAN clustering
ML Pipelines
intermediate
Engineer features and handle missing data
All Reads (20,647) Articles (9779)Blog Posts (4012)Tutorials (1749)Research Papers (4664)News (443)
Medium · Machine Learning 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 3h ago
Data Science Interview Questions: The Complete Prep Guide (2026)
Data Scientist and ML Engineer roles are among the most competitive in tech right now, and the interview process reflects it. Hiring teams… Continue reading on
Papers Explained 600: Rubric Dropout
Medium · Data Science 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 5h ago
Papers Explained 600: Rubric Dropout
Rubric Dropout is a one-line fix borrowed from neuron dropout to mitigate reward hacking in Rubric-as-Reward RL. Continue reading on Medium »
Papers Explained 600: Rubric Dropout
Medium · Deep Learning 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 5h ago
Papers Explained 600: Rubric Dropout
Rubric Dropout is a one-line fix borrowed from neuron dropout to mitigate reward hacking in Rubric-as-Reward RL. Continue reading on Medium »
Jupyter Notebook Tutorial: Learn Python Interactively
Medium · Machine Learning 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 5h ago
Jupyter Notebook Tutorial: Learn Python Interactively
Want to learn Python, Data Science, Machine Learning, or NLP in a practical way? Continue reading on Medium »
The Best AI Learning Roadmap for 2027: Two Paths, One Destination
Medium · Machine Learning 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 7h ago
The Best AI Learning Roadmap for 2027: Two Paths, One Destination
After 3 years in the trenches, working under US university professors, building for multiple AI startups, and sitting across the table… Continue reading on Medi
PySpark 4.2 Turns Arrow On By Default
Medium · Data Science 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 7h ago
PySpark 4.2 Turns Arrow On By Default
Four things flip the moment you upgrade, and one of them quietly changes your numbers Continue reading on Medium »
PySpark 4.2 Turns Arrow On By Default
Medium · Python 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 7h ago
PySpark 4.2 Turns Arrow On By Default
Four things flip the moment you upgrade, and one of them quietly changes your numbers Continue reading on Medium »
From Automation to AI-Assisted Decisioning: Building a Human-in-the-Loop Enterprise Workflow
Medium · Machine Learning 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 11h ago
From Automation to AI-Assisted Decisioning: Building a Human-in-the-Loop Enterprise Workflow
Lessons from building a synthetic proof of concept combining predictive analytics, anomaly detection, grounded explanations… Continue reading on Medium »
From Automation to AI-Assisted Decisioning: Building a Human-in-the-Loop Enterprise Workflow
Medium · Data Science 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 11h ago
From Automation to AI-Assisted Decisioning: Building a Human-in-the-Loop Enterprise Workflow
Lessons from building a synthetic proof of concept combining predictive analytics, anomaly detection, grounded explanations… Continue reading on Medium »
Testing PySpark Code with pytest and Databricks Connect
Medium · Python 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 11h ago
Testing PySpark Code with pytest and Databricks Connect
Hi there, in this post i will explain the very basics of testing code for the data engineering domain using databricks, just a quick… Continue reading on Medium
The Python Tool I Built to Eliminate Hours of Manual Data Work
Medium · Python 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 11h ago
The Python Tool I Built to Eliminate Hours of Manual Data Work
How I combined Python libraries, automation, APIs, Excel, and AI into a practical workflow I could turn into a sellable service Continue reading on Medium »
Curse Of Dimensionality 101: Your Nearest Neighbor Is Not Actually Near
Medium · Machine Learning 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 19h ago
Curse Of Dimensionality 101: Your Nearest Neighbor Is Not Actually Near
In two dimensions the closest point in your data is far nearer than the farthest one. In a thousand dimensions it is barely closer at all… Continue reading on D
Curse Of Dimensionality 101: Your Nearest Neighbor Is Not Actually Near
Medium · Data Science 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 19h ago
Curse Of Dimensionality 101: Your Nearest Neighbor Is Not Actually Near
In two dimensions the closest point in your data is far nearer than the farthest one. In a thousand dimensions it is barely closer at all… Continue reading on D
Neural Networks: The Brain-Inspired Idea
Medium · Machine Learning 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 23h ago
Neural Networks: The Brain-Inspired Idea
Every time you hear about deep learning, ChatGPT, or image generators, there’s a neural network somewhere underneath. It’s the structure… Continue reading on Me
How Big Data Predicts What You Want: Distributed Matrix Factorization & ALS at Scale
Medium · Machine Learning 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 23h ago
How Big Data Predicts What You Want: Distributed Matrix Factorization & ALS at Scale
Anshul Parate · 5 min read Continue reading on Medium »
What are the types of Machine Learning?
Medium · Deep Learning 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 1d ago
What are the types of Machine Learning?
Machine learning (ML) is commonly divided into four main types, based on how the model learns from data. Continue reading on Medium »
Medium · Data Science 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 1d ago
The Test Suite Broke Because Someone Did Their Job
# The Test Suite Broke Because Someone Did Their Job Continue reading on Medium »
Can You Become an AI Engineer in 6 Months? Here’s What You Actually Need to Learn
Medium · Machine Learning 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 1d ago
Can You Become an AI Engineer in 6 Months? Here’s What You Actually Need to Learn
Six months sounds surprisingly short when we’re talking about a field as large as Artificial Intelligence. Continue reading on Medium »
KNN (K-Nearest Neighbors) - Distance Based Machine Learning Algorithm.
Medium · Data Science 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 1d ago
KNN (K-Nearest Neighbors) - Distance Based Machine Learning Algorithm.
KNN (K-Nearest Neighbors) is a supervised and distance-based machine learning algorithm that makes predictions based on the K closest data… Continue reading on
Ilya’s 30u30 v21: Neural Turing Machines
Medium · Machine Learning 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 1d ago
Ilya’s 30u30 v21: Neural Turing Machines
What if a neural network had a little database it could read from and write to? Continue reading on Ilya Sutskever’s 30 Foundational Papers of AI, Explained »
Logs to Alerts: How You Actually Catch a Fine-Tuned Model Quietly Failing
Medium · Machine Learning 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 1d ago
Logs to Alerts: How You Actually Catch a Fine-Tuned Model Quietly Failing
Part 4 of 4: what to actually log, why eval scores go stale, running automated evals on live traffic, and the dashboards that catch a… Continue reading on Mediu
Papers Explained 599: Sparse Upcycling
Medium · Machine Learning 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 1d ago
Papers Explained 599: Sparse Upcycling
Sparse upcycling is a simple way to reuse sunk training costs by initializing a sparsely activated Mixture-of-Experts model from a dense… Continue reading on Me
Papers Explained 599: Sparse Upcycling
Medium · Data Science 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 1d ago
Papers Explained 599: Sparse Upcycling
Sparse upcycling is a simple way to reuse sunk training costs by initializing a sparsely activated Mixture-of-Experts model from a dense… Continue reading on Me
Papers Explained 599: Sparse Upcycling
Medium · Deep Learning 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 1d ago
Papers Explained 599: Sparse Upcycling
Sparse upcycling is a simple way to reuse sunk training costs by initializing a sparsely activated Mixture-of-Experts model from a dense… Continue reading on Me
AWS Machine Learning 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 1d ago
Automate Document Processing with Quick Automate and the IDP Accelerator
Classifying, extracting, and validating high volumes of documents is a challenge across banking, insurance, healthcare, and the public sector. See how a mid-siz
Medium · Machine Learning 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 1d ago
Who Notices When Your ML Model Dies in Production? — Drift Detection & Auto-Retrain Pipeline
An end-to-end mini MLOps architecture with PSI + KS tests, FastAPI, Prometheus, MLflow, and auto-retrain Continue reading on Medium »
Qdrant 1.19 | TurboQuant & Memory Tiers: Store More, Spend Less
Medium · Machine Learning 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 1d ago
Qdrant 1.19 | TurboQuant & Memory Tiers: Store More, Spend Less
If you’ve been running a vector database at any real scale, you’ve probably hit the moment where you open your cloud bill and just… stare… Continue reading on M
Medium · Machine Learning 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 1d ago
Parsewave: A Different Approach to AI Training Data
I’ve been thinking a lot about the transition in data for AI training recently. Continue reading on Medium »
Medium · Machine Learning 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 1d ago
I Kept Hitting GPU Out-of-Memory Errors at 100K Tokens: Here’s What Was Actually Eating the Memory
A few months ago I was running a long-context RAG setup locally, feeding a model a big pile of documents and asking it questions across… Continue reading on Med
La costruzione sociale dei dataset: le quattro sfide per il machine learning
Medium · Machine Learning 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 1d ago
La costruzione sociale dei dataset: le quattro sfide per il machine learning
I dataset alla base dei modelli di Machine Learning (ML) sono spesso presentati come substrati tecnici neutri e oggettivi. Continue reading on Medium »
The Secret Math Behind Google: How PageRank Decides What You See First
Medium · Data Science 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 1d ago
The Secret Math Behind Google: How PageRank Decides What You See First
A gentle deep-dive into link analysis — the algorithm that turned a chaotic web into a ranked one Continue reading on Medium »
Why Staging Environments Fail OCR Testing: The Engineering Logic Behind Synthetic Data
Medium · Machine Learning 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 1d ago
Why Staging Environments Fail OCR Testing: The Engineering Logic Behind Synthetic Data
Balancing text extraction accuracy with strict data privacy is a persistent engineering conflict in identity verification. Continue reading on Medium »
The Real Difference Between Lists, Tuples, Sets, and Dictionaries in Python
Medium · Machine Learning 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 1d ago
The Real Difference Between Lists, Tuples, Sets, and Dictionaries in Python
Python’s four essential collection types with practical examples, use cases, differences, and beginner-friendly explanations. Continue reading on Artificial Int
AI-powered Data Issue classification: scaling data quality investigation through intelligent…
Medium · Machine Learning 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 1d ago
AI-powered Data Issue classification: scaling data quality investigation through intelligent…
How we used machine learning to bring greater consistency, transparency and speed to data issue triage. Continue reading on AI at Lloyds Banking Group »
One Neuron, Fully Explained: What Actually Happens Inside a Neural Network
Medium · Machine Learning 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 1d ago
One Neuron, Fully Explained: What Actually Happens Inside a Neural Network
A simple, step-by-step look at what one neuron really does — using real numbers, not just theory. Continue reading on Medium »
A day in the life of an ML engineer: what the job actually looks like versus what people imagine
Medium · Machine Learning 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 1d ago
A day in the life of an ML engineer: what the job actually looks like versus what people imagine
A Day in the Life of an ML Engineer: What the Job Actually Looks Like Versus What People Imagine Continue reading on Medium »
What I Learned Building an Energy Benchmark for KV Cache Compression on Apple Silicon
Medium · LLM 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2d ago
What I Learned Building an Energy Benchmark for KV Cache Compression on Apple Silicon
Building a measurement harness to understand whether KV cache compression can make local LLM inference more energy efficient. Continue reading on Medium »
GPU Selection for AI Workloads: A 2026 Guide to Matching Hardware to Use Case
Medium · Machine Learning 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2d ago
GPU Selection for AI Workloads: A 2026 Guide to Matching Hardware to Use Case
Full fine-tuning of a 7B model needs roughly 112GB for standard Adam-style optimization, before activations. That’s past a single H100’s… Continue reading on Me
PeopleSoft to AI | Part 15A: Depth-First Search (DFS), Explained Simply
Medium · Machine Learning 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2d ago
PeopleSoft to AI | Part 15A: Depth-First Search (DFS), Explained Simply
We Already Know What DFS Does Continue reading on Generative AI »
PeopleSoft to AI | Part 15A: Depth-First Search (DFS), Explained Simply
Medium · Deep Learning 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2d ago
PeopleSoft to AI | Part 15A: Depth-First Search (DFS), Explained Simply
We Already Know What DFS Does Continue reading on Generative AI »
Machine Learning Development Services: Build Smarter Business Solutions
Medium · Machine Learning 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2d ago
Machine Learning Development Services: Build Smarter Business Solutions
Businesses generate more data than ever through websites, mobile applications, customer interactions, transactions, connected devices, and… Continue reading on
From Sensor to Servo to Cloud: The Full Embedded IoT Pipeline
Medium · Machine Learning 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2d ago
From Sensor to Servo to Cloud: The Full Embedded IoT Pipeline
Built for a Site With No WiFi Continue reading on Medium »
Optimizers in Deep Learning: From Gradient Descent to Adam
Medium · Machine Learning 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2d ago
Optimizers in Deep Learning: From Gradient Descent to Adam
A beginner-friendly guide to understanding how optimization algorithms train neural networks, from basic Gradient Descent to the powerful… Continue reading on M
Optimizers in Deep Learning: From Gradient Descent to Adam
Medium · Data Science 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2d ago
Optimizers in Deep Learning: From Gradient Descent to Adam
A beginner-friendly guide to understanding how optimization algorithms train neural networks, from basic Gradient Descent to the powerful… Continue reading on M
Optimizers in Deep Learning: From Gradient Descent to Adam
Medium · Deep Learning 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2d ago
Optimizers in Deep Learning: From Gradient Descent to Adam
A beginner-friendly guide to understanding how optimization algorithms train neural networks, from basic Gradient Descent to the powerful… Continue reading on M
Papers Explained 598: Compress Distil
Medium · Machine Learning 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2d ago
Papers Explained 598: Compress Distil
The paper investigates post-hoc compression of long chain-of-thought reasoning traces generated by large teacher models before knowledge… Continue reading on Me
Papers Explained 598: Compress Distil
Medium · Data Science 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2d ago
Papers Explained 598: Compress Distil
The paper investigates post-hoc compression of long chain-of-thought reasoning traces generated by large teacher models before knowledge… Continue reading on Me
Xcelerate Batch 1, From Data to Decisions: A Hands-On Introduction to Practical Machine Learning
Medium · Machine Learning 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2d ago
Xcelerate Batch 1, From Data to Decisions: A Hands-On Introduction to Practical Machine Learning
Baca Versi Bahasa Indonesia di Sini Continue reading on COMPFEST »