Foundations

ML Fundamentals

Neural networks, backpropagation, gradient descent — the maths behind AI

11,987
lessons
Skills in this topic
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ML Maths Basics
beginner
Manipulate vectors and matrices
Supervised Learning
beginner
Train decision trees, random forests, and neural nets
Unsupervised Learning
intermediate
Apply k-means and DBSCAN clustering
ML Pipelines
intermediate
Engineer features and handle missing data
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Constrained Optimization with PuLP: A Practical Guide for Data Scientists
Medium · Python 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2w ago
Constrained Optimization with PuLP: A Practical Guide for Data Scientists
Ever wonder how a logistics company decides which of its 500 trucks takes which 50 packages? Continue reading on Medium »
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Spam Detection with Machine Learning
Medium · Machine Learning 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2w ago
Spam Detection with Machine Learning
In my previous article, “A Practical Guide to Understanding Phishing, Analyzing Suspicious Emails, and Responding to Incidents,” I walked… Continue reading on M
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Dev.to AI 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2w ago
Searching Billions in Seconds: How HNSW Solved the Scale Problem
We have a massive problem with how computers find things. If you have a few hundred photos on your phone, you can find one instantly, but trying to find one spe
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How to choose AI ML master’s program?
Medium · AI 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2w ago
How to choose AI ML master’s program?
AI and Machine Learning are everywhere right now. Starting from Netflix recommendations to self-driving cars, each and everything is… Continue reading on Medium
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How Universities Schedule Exams Without Conflicts
Medium · Programming 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2w ago
How Universities Schedule Exams Without Conflicts
Graph Coloring and Greedy Algorithms — the quiet mathematics that ensures no student ever sits two exams at once. Continue reading on Medium »
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Unsupervised Learning
Medium · Machine Learning 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2w ago
Unsupervised Learning
Unsupervised learning is one of the fundamental methods used in machine learning. In this article, I will explain what unsupervised… Continue reading on Medium
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ArXiv cs.AI 📐 ML Fundamentals 📄 Paper ⚡ AI Lesson 2w ago
CognitiveTwin: Robust Multi-Modal Digital Twins for Predicting Cognitive Decline in Alzheimer's Disease
arXiv:2604.22428v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Predicting individual cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease (AD) is difficult due to the heterogeneity of dis
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The Machine Learning Cheatsheet: Every Algorithm You Need to Know, Explained
Medium · AI 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2w ago
The Machine Learning Cheatsheet: Every Algorithm You Need to Know, Explained
Continue reading on Medium »
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The Machine Learning Cheatsheet: Every Algorithm You Need to Know, Explained
Medium · Data Science 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2w ago
The Machine Learning Cheatsheet: Every Algorithm You Need to Know, Explained
Continue reading on Medium »
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The Machine Learning Cheatsheet: Every Algorithm You Need to Know, Explained
Medium · Programming 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2w ago
The Machine Learning Cheatsheet: Every Algorithm You Need to Know, Explained
Continue reading on Medium »
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Every AI You’ve Ever Used Ran This Loop Millions of Times
Medium · Data Science 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2w ago
Every AI You’ve Ever Used Ran This Loop Millions of Times
Trillion-dollar AI. One humble loop. Here’s exactly how it works. Continue reading on Medium »
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There Are No Rules Inside a Trained AI
Medium · AI 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2w ago
There Are No Rules Inside a Trained AI
How neural networks learn: backpropagation, decision boundaries, and why AI doesn’t store rules Continue reading on Towards AI »
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There Are No Rules Inside a Trained AI
Medium · Machine Learning 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2w ago
There Are No Rules Inside a Trained AI
How neural networks learn: backpropagation, decision boundaries, and why AI doesn’t store rules Continue reading on Towards AI »
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There Are No Rules Inside a Trained AI
Medium · Data Science 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2w ago
There Are No Rules Inside a Trained AI
How neural networks learn: backpropagation, decision boundaries, and why AI doesn’t store rules Continue reading on Towards AI »
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There Are No Rules Inside a Trained AI
Medium · Deep Learning 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2w ago
There Are No Rules Inside a Trained AI
How neural networks learn: backpropagation, decision boundaries, and why AI doesn’t store rules Continue reading on Towards AI »
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Programação Competitiva: o que é, onde estudar e como começar
Medium · Programming 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2w ago
Programação Competitiva: o que é, onde estudar e como começar
conceito, competições, grandes nomes e onde estudar Continue reading on Medium »
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How Bees Solve Math Problems Better Than Most Algorithms
Medium · Machine Learning 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2w ago
How Bees Solve Math Problems Better Than Most Algorithms
What if the most elegant solution to a complex optimization problem was hiding inside a beehive? Continue reading on Medium »
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How Bees Solve Math Problems Better Than Most Algorithms
Medium · Data Science 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2w ago
How Bees Solve Math Problems Better Than Most Algorithms
What if the most elegant solution to a complex optimization problem was hiding inside a beehive? Continue reading on Medium »
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How Bees Solve Math Problems Better Than Most Algorithms
Medium · Python 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2w ago
How Bees Solve Math Problems Better Than Most Algorithms
What if the most elegant solution to a complex optimization problem was hiding inside a beehive? Continue reading on Medium »
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Dev.to AI 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2w ago
“Using R and Python Together with reticulate: A Practical Guide for Data Workflows”
R and Python are often treated as two separate worlds. R is loved for statistics, reporting, and tidy data workflows. Python dominates machine learning, automat
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Chapter 7: The Training Loop and Adam Optimiser
Dev.to · Gary Jackson 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2w ago
Chapter 7: The Training Loop and Adam Optimiser
Assemble a full training loop: forward, loss, backward, and Adam parameter updates with momentum, adaptive scaling, and learning rate decay.
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From Preventable Readmissions to Sustainable Insurance Costs: A Hypothetical ML Case Study
Medium · Machine Learning 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2w ago
From Preventable Readmissions to Sustainable Insurance Costs: A Hypothetical ML Case Study
This is an illustrative case study for educational purposes. The hospital name and financial figures are hypothetical. Hospital payment… Continue reading on Tow
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From Preventable Readmissions to Sustainable Insurance Costs: A Hypothetical ML Case Study
Medium · Data Science 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2w ago
From Preventable Readmissions to Sustainable Insurance Costs: A Hypothetical ML Case Study
This is an illustrative case study for educational purposes. The hospital name and financial figures are hypothetical. Hospital payment… Continue reading on Tow
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Solving the Schrödinger Equation with PyTorch: A Guide to Quantum PINNs
Medium · Machine Learning 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2w ago
Solving the Schrödinger Equation with PyTorch: A Guide to Quantum PINNs
If you work in Machine Learning, you are used to the standard paradigm: gather a massive dataset (X_train, y_train), feed it into a neural… Continue reading on
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ART: A Faster Way to Train Speech Recognition Models
Medium · Machine Learning 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2w ago
ART: A Faster Way to Train Speech Recognition Models
How residual learning and CTC alignment can accelerate RNN-Transducer training. Continue reading on Medium »
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ART: A Faster Way to Train Speech Recognition Models
Medium · Deep Learning 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2w ago
ART: A Faster Way to Train Speech Recognition Models
How residual learning and CTC alignment can accelerate RNN-Transducer training. Continue reading on Medium »
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Go Öğrenme Günlüğü — Gün 3
Medium · Programming 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2w ago
Go Öğrenme Günlüğü — Gün 3
Go öğrenirken en kritik kırılma noktalarından biri şudur: Continue reading on Medium »
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Medium · Machine Learning 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2w ago
The Model/AI solution Evaluation: MAE vs. RMSE
In the world of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning, we often obsess over building the “perfect” model. We tweak hyperparameters… Continue reading on M
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Model Training: Seni Menunggu dan Berharap
Medium · AI 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2w ago
Model Training: Seni Menunggu dan Berharap
Usai pelatihan berjam-jam, ada kalanya model masih terasa underfitting. Tidak ada hasil yang instan; semua butuh proses. Continue reading on Medium »
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Medium · Machine Learning 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2w ago
Customer Churn Prediction A Step-by-Step Machine Learning Guide
A simple breakdown of the Classification workflow for Retail & Business Continue reading on Medium »
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Link Regression with Graph Convolutional Neural Networks in PyTorch Geometric (2/3)
Medium · AI 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2w ago
Link Regression with Graph Convolutional Neural Networks in PyTorch Geometric (2/3)
Graph Convolution Operation Continue reading on Medium »
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Data: The Fuel That Runs the AI Engine
Medium · Data Science 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2w ago
Data: The Fuel That Runs the AI Engine
No data, no intelligence. It’s really that simple (and that complicated). Continue reading on Medium »
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Medium · Machine Learning 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2w ago
The Goldilocks Problem of Deep Learning: Why Your Batch Size Changes Everything
Imagine being dropped onto the peak of a jagged, fog-covered mountain at midnight. Your only goal? Get to the absolute lowest point in the… Continue reading on
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Medium · Deep Learning 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2w ago
The Goldilocks Problem of Deep Learning: Why Your Batch Size Changes Everything
Imagine being dropped onto the peak of a jagged, fog-covered mountain at midnight. Your only goal? Get to the absolute lowest point in the… Continue reading on
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Medium · Python 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2w ago
What My First Week of Python Actually Looked Like
3 Months Later I Can Finally Talk About It Continue reading on Medium »
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Dev.to AI 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2w ago
How To Leverage AI for Advanced Cancer Metastasis Prediction
Key Takeaways The University of Geneva’s MangroveGS system predicts cancer metastasis with 80% accuracy by analyzing gene expression patterns, offering a breakt
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Transforming Machine Learning Tasks into Usable Insights with ML Intern
Medium · Machine Learning 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2w ago
Transforming Machine Learning Tasks into Usable Insights with ML Intern
In the world of machine learning, we often find ourselves grappling with a myriad of tasks that can feel overwhelming. How do we sift… Continue reading on Mediu
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The Covariance Matrix Killed LTCM. It’s Also How AQR and Two Sigma Generate Alpha.
Medium · Data Science 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2w ago
The Covariance Matrix Killed LTCM. It’s Also How AQR and Two Sigma Generate Alpha.
The covariance matrix — Σ = E[(X − μ)(X − μ)ᵀ] — is the object through which elite hedge funds generate alpha, manage systemic risk, and… Continue reading on Me
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Sparse Matrices — When Most of Your Data is Zero
Medium · AI 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2w ago
Sparse Matrices — When Most of Your Data is Zero
Algorithms in Python— Foundations, Part 11 Continue reading on Medium »
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Sparse Matrices — When Most of Your Data is Zero
Medium · Machine Learning 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2w ago
Sparse Matrices — When Most of Your Data is Zero
Algorithms in Python— Foundations, Part 11 Continue reading on Medium »
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Sparse Matrices — When Most of Your Data is Zero
Medium · Python 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2w ago
Sparse Matrices — When Most of Your Data is Zero
Algorithms in Python— Foundations, Part 11 Continue reading on Medium »
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Understanding Machine Learning and the ML Pipeline — Step by Step
Medium · Machine Learning 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2w ago
Understanding Machine Learning and the ML Pipeline — Step by Step
After understanding Artificial Intelligence (AI), the next big question is: Continue reading on Medium »
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Understanding Machine Learning and the ML Pipeline — Step by Step
Medium · Data Science 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2w ago
Understanding Machine Learning and the ML Pipeline — Step by Step
After understanding Artificial Intelligence (AI), the next big question is: Continue reading on Medium »
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Medium · Machine Learning 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2w ago
“How a self-taught builder with no coding background made it to the Meta PyTorch Grand Finale”
Two months ago I didn’t know what an RL environment was. Continue reading on Medium »
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Python Isn’t One Skill -It’s 10 Different Career Paths!
Medium · Machine Learning 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2w ago
Python Isn’t One Skill -It’s 10 Different Career Paths!
When you want to “learn Python,” it sounds like a single, clear skill but that’s misleading… Continue reading on Medium »
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Day 13 Part 3 + 16 Weeks: When Code Breaks But Consistency Doesn’t
Medium · Machine Learning 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2w ago
Day 13 Part 3 + 16 Weeks: When Code Breaks But Consistency Doesn’t
Stacking ensemble still throwing errors. Tests still failing. Continue reading on Medium »
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Day 13 Part 3 + 16 Weeks: When Code Breaks But Consistency Doesn’t
Medium · Python 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2w ago
Day 13 Part 3 + 16 Weeks: When Code Breaks But Consistency Doesn’t
Stacking ensemble still throwing errors. Tests still failing. Continue reading on Medium »
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Finding Order in Chaos: What If the TSP Isn’t About Searching, But Ordering?
Medium · Python 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2w ago
Finding Order in Chaos: What If the TSP Isn’t About Searching, But Ordering?
Introducing GIO: How mapping 2D spatial data into a 1D sequence achieves 0.0000% gaps on several classic TSPLIB benchmarks — with… Continue reading on Medium »
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