Core AI

Large Language Models

Deep dives into GPT, Claude, Gemini, Llama and the transformers powering modern AI

53,015
lessons
Skills in this topic
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LLM Foundations
beginner
Explain how transformers generate text
Prompt Craft
beginner
Write zero-shot and few-shot prompts
LLM Engineering
intermediate
Call LLM APIs with function/tool use
Fine-tuning LLMs
advanced
Prepare fine-tuning datasets
Multimodal LLMs
advanced
Use GPT-4V / Claude Vision for image understanding
All Reads (31,588) Articles (13457)Blog Posts (5956)Tutorials (2569)Research Papers (8684)News (922)
AWS Machine Learning 🧠 Large Language Models ⚡ AI Lesson 3d ago
Teaching models to forget: Selective unlearning with Amazon Nova
In this post, we introduce Reverse Direct Preference Optimization (rDPO), the novel unlearning technique behind Amazon Nova Customizable Content Moderation Sett
Building Your First LLM-Powered SQL Assistant with Python
Medium · LLM 🧠 Large Language Models ⚡ AI Lesson 3d ago
Building Your First LLM-Powered SQL Assistant with Python
Most people’s first instinct when they hear “AI + SQL” is a chatbot that writes queries for you. That’s part of it, but the more useful… Continue reading on Med
The Retrieval Divergence Problem: Why Rank Fusion Matters More in the LLM Era ?
Medium · LLM 🧠 Large Language Models ⚡ AI Lesson 3d ago
The Retrieval Divergence Problem: Why Rank Fusion Matters More in the LLM Era ?
1. The Widening Gap in retrievers Continue reading on Better ML »
Build an AI Second Brain in Obsidian: Turn Any Book Into a Knowledge Graph You Can Talk To
Medium · LLM 🧠 Large Language Models ⚡ AI Lesson 3d ago
Build an AI Second Brain in Obsidian: Turn Any Book Into a Knowledge Graph You Can Talk To
Obsidian + Ollama + Gemma 4 a fully local workflow for actually retaining what you read. Continue reading on Medium »
La calculadora nunca aprendía de vos. La inteligencia artificial sí.
Medium · Machine Learning 🧠 Large Language Models ⚡ AI Lesson 3d ago
La calculadora nunca aprendía de vos. La inteligencia artificial sí.
Durante décadas utilizamos herramientas que ejecutaban instrucciones. Hoy convivimos con sistemas cuyo valor económico aumenta… Continue reading on Medium »
The 5 Open Models Worth Knowing in 2026, and Exactly What Each One Is Best At
Medium · Machine Learning 🧠 Large Language Models ⚡ AI Lesson 3d ago
The 5 Open Models Worth Knowing in 2026, and Exactly What Each One Is Best At
The open-model world moves so fast that “which is best” changes almost monthly, and the honest answer is that there’s no single best… Continue reading on Toward
The 5 Open Models Worth Knowing in 2026, and Exactly What Each One Is Best At
Medium · LLM 🧠 Large Language Models ⚡ AI Lesson 3d ago
The 5 Open Models Worth Knowing in 2026, and Exactly What Each One Is Best At
The open-model world moves so fast that “which is best” changes almost monthly, and the honest answer is that there’s no single best… Continue reading on Toward
Medium · LLM 🧠 Large Language Models ⚡ AI Lesson 3d ago
KV Cache Nedir? | Transformer Mimarilerinde Autoregressive Üretim ve Bellek Optimizasyonu
Büyük dil modelleri bir cümle veya paragraf ürettiğinde bunu tek seferde değil, kelime kelime (daha doğrusu token token) üretir. Her yeni… Continue reading on M
Medium · LLM 🧠 Large Language Models ⚡ AI Lesson 3d ago
Build a Large Language Model From Scratch: The Complete Roadmap
From tokenization to LoRA — learn how modern LLMs like GPT, Llama, DeepSeek, and Qwen work by implementing every component yourself. Continue reading on Medium
Medium · ChatGPT 🧠 Large Language Models ⚡ AI Lesson 3d ago
Build a Large Language Model From Scratch: The Complete Roadmap
From tokenization to LoRA — learn how modern LLMs like GPT, Llama, DeepSeek, and Qwen work by implementing every component yourself. Continue reading on Medium
I Fine-Tuned an LLM on a 4GB Laptop GPU. Here’s the Roofline Math Big Labs Don’t Publish
Medium · Machine Learning 🧠 Large Language Models ⚡ AI Lesson 3d ago
I Fine-Tuned an LLM on a 4GB Laptop GPU. Here’s the Roofline Math Big Labs Don’t Publish
Why the real inference bottleneck was never the GPU you couldn’t afford — it was the one you didn’t understand. Continue reading on Medium »
I Fine-Tuned an LLM on a 4GB Laptop GPU. Here’s the Roofline Math Big Labs Don’t Publish
Medium · Deep Learning 🧠 Large Language Models ⚡ AI Lesson 3d ago
I Fine-Tuned an LLM on a 4GB Laptop GPU. Here’s the Roofline Math Big Labs Don’t Publish
Why the real inference bottleneck was never the GPU you couldn’t afford — it was the one you didn’t understand. Continue reading on Medium »
I Fine-Tuned an LLM on a 4GB Laptop GPU. Here’s the Roofline Math Big Labs Don’t Publish
Medium · LLM 🧠 Large Language Models ⚡ AI Lesson 3d ago
I Fine-Tuned an LLM on a 4GB Laptop GPU. Here’s the Roofline Math Big Labs Don’t Publish
Why the real inference bottleneck was never the GPU you couldn’t afford — it was the one you didn’t understand. Continue reading on Medium »
Understanding Attention in Transformers: A Deep Dive from First Principles
Medium · LLM 🧠 Large Language Models ⚡ AI Lesson 3d ago
Understanding Attention in Transformers: A Deep Dive from First Principles
A deep dive into the breakthrough behind modern AI. Understand Transformer attention, Q, K, V, self-attention, and real BERT computations. Continue reading on M
I Built a Prompt Library So My Team Would Stop Reinventing the Same Prompts.
Medium · Data Science 🧠 Large Language Models ⚡ AI Lesson 3d ago
I Built a Prompt Library So My Team Would Stop Reinventing the Same Prompts.
Every ML team I’ve worked with hits the same wall: everyone is prompting LLMs constantly, but nobody’s prompts look alike, nobody… Continue reading on Datumm »
AI is Competent, But is it Intelligent?
Medium · Machine Learning 🧠 Large Language Models ⚡ AI Lesson 3d ago
AI is Competent, But is it Intelligent?
There is not need to highlight the importance, and strength of AI in or daily tasks. AI has outperformed human in Chess, Go, some athletic… Continue reading on
MCP Configuration for Looker with Antigravity CLI
Medium · Python 🧠 Large Language Models ⚡ AI Lesson 3d ago
MCP Configuration for Looker with Antigravity CLI
This article covers the MCP setup and configuration for using Looker and underlying Gemini LLM with the Antigravity CLI to enhance and… Continue reading on Medi
I Cut 1,300 Lines of CLAUDE.md — My Token Bill Dropped 75%
Medium · LLM 🧠 Large Language Models ⚡ AI Lesson 3d ago
I Cut 1,300 Lines of CLAUDE.md — My Token Bill Dropped 75%
y CLAUDE.md went from 1,300 lines to 339 lines, and my token spend dropped 75%, without deleting a single rule. Continue reading on Medium »
Fine-Tuning Embedding Models for Domain-Specific RAG
Medium · RAG 🧠 Large Language Models ⚡ AI Lesson 3d ago
Fine-Tuning Embedding Models for Domain-Specific RAG
Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) systems have become the backbone of modern AI applications that rely on private or enterprise data… Continue reading on Med
Choosing the Right Embedding Model — OpenAI, Hugging Face, and Domain-Specific Options
Medium · RAG 🧠 Large Language Models ⚡ AI Lesson 3d ago
Choosing the Right Embedding Model — OpenAI, Hugging Face, and Domain-Specific Options
Selecting the right embedding model is one of the most important decisions when building modern AI-powered applications. Whether you’re… Continue reading on Med
Go ask ChatGPT about your own company right now.
Medium · ChatGPT 🧠 Large Language Models ⚡ AI Lesson 3d ago
Go ask ChatGPT about your own company right now.
[ ✨Owning It, Part 10] Continue reading on Medium »
AI Memory Should Be Product State, Not a Hidden Prompt Trick
Hackernoon 🧠 Large Language Models ⚡ AI Lesson 3d ago
AI Memory Should Be Product State, Not a Hidden Prompt Trick
AI memory should be product state: session notes, approved handoffs, retrieval evidence, and visible user control instead of hidden prompt context.
Three llama.cpp Flags Turned a 1.4TB Model Into a 239GB File
Medium · Machine Learning 🧠 Large Language Models ⚡ AI Lesson 4d ago
Three llama.cpp Flags Turned a 1.4TB Model Into a 239GB File
A frontier-class coding model that beats GPT-5.5 on SWE-bench Pro now fits on a single workstation, at two bits per weight. The hard part… Continue reading on M
Three llama.cpp Flags Turned a 1.4TB Model Into a 239GB File
Medium · LLM 🧠 Large Language Models ⚡ AI Lesson 4d ago
Three llama.cpp Flags Turned a 1.4TB Model Into a 239GB File
A frontier-class coding model that beats GPT-5.5 on SWE-bench Pro now fits on a single workstation, at two bits per weight. The hard part… Continue reading on M
The Silent RAG Killer: How Noisy Document Layouts Can Burn 70,000 Tokens Before Your First Prompt
Medium · LLM 🧠 Large Language Models ⚡ AI Lesson 4d ago
The Silent RAG Killer: How Noisy Document Layouts Can Burn 70,000 Tokens Before Your First Prompt
Every engineer building with Large Language Models (LLMs) eventually hits a hidden wall. You write a pristine system prompt, optimize your… Continue reading on
LangChain in Chains #55: LangSmith
Medium · LLM 🧠 Large Language Models ⚡ AI Lesson 4d ago
LangChain in Chains #55: LangSmith
Debugging, observing, evaluating, and improving LLM/agent applications Continue reading on Towards Dev »
Sakana Fugu vs Claude Fable 5: The Real AI Race Is Moving From Bigger Models To Smarter…
Medium · LLM 🧠 Large Language Models ⚡ AI Lesson 4d ago
Sakana Fugu vs Claude Fable 5: The Real AI Race Is Moving From Bigger Models To Smarter…
The next AI battleground may not be “which single model is smartest.” Continue reading on Medium »
Anthropic Just Discovered the Part of Claude’s Mind It Never Shows You
Medium · Machine Learning 🧠 Large Language Models ⚡ AI Lesson 4d ago
Anthropic Just Discovered the Part of Claude’s Mind It Never Shows You
A new experiment reveals a small, hidden workspace inside Claude where it silently thinks things it never types out, including noticing… Continue reading on Tow
Anthropic Just Discovered the Part of Claude’s Mind It Never Shows You
Medium · Data Science 🧠 Large Language Models ⚡ AI Lesson 4d ago
Anthropic Just Discovered the Part of Claude’s Mind It Never Shows You
A new experiment reveals a small, hidden workspace inside Claude where it silently thinks things it never types out, including noticing… Continue reading on Tow
I Asked 4 LLMs Which Pinnacle Odds API to Use. Here’s What They Got Wrong (and Right)
Medium · LLM 🧠 Large Language Models ⚡ AI Lesson 4d ago
I Asked 4 LLMs Which Pinnacle Odds API to Use. Here’s What They Got Wrong (and Right)
An honest comparison of the top 3 Pinnacle odds API providers in 2026 — and why AI assistants keep recommending an API that no longer… Continue reading on Mediu
Most Fascinating Conversation Between a Profoundly Gifted Autodidact and Google AI
Medium · LLM 🧠 Large Language Models ⚡ AI Lesson 4d ago
Most Fascinating Conversation Between a Profoundly Gifted Autodidact and Google AI
I think I’m falling in love with sparring with an AI machine! Continue reading on Medium »
AI Learns vs AI Thinks: Why Some Small Models Outsmart Bigger Ones
Medium · Python 🧠 Large Language Models ⚡ AI Lesson 4d ago
AI Learns vs AI Thinks: Why Some Small Models Outsmart Bigger Ones
How adjusting a model’s thinking time unlocks hidden intelligence and problem-solving skills. Continue reading on Medium »
Why GEO + AEO Matter More Than Rankings
Medium · RAG 🧠 Large Language Models ⚡ AI Lesson 4d ago
Why GEO + AEO Matter More Than Rankings
Generative Engine Optimization (GEO) and Answer Engine Optimization (AEO) are advanced content engineering strategies that optimize… Continue reading on Medium
RAG-3 Survey RAG 4 LLM
Medium · RAG 🧠 Large Language Models ⚡ AI Lesson 4d ago
RAG-3 Survey RAG 4 LLM
Retrieval-Augmented Generation for Large Language Models: A Survey Continue reading on Medium »
Are the Free OpenRouter Models any Good for Coding?
Medium · LLM 🧠 Large Language Models ⚡ AI Lesson 4d ago
Are the Free OpenRouter Models any Good for Coding?
Yes, the free models on OpenRouter are incredibly capable for coding, provided you know which ones to target and how to align them with… Continue reading on Med
Entropy, Cross-Entropy, and KL Divergence in LLM Training
Medium · Deep Learning 🧠 Large Language Models ⚡ AI Lesson 4d ago
Entropy, Cross-Entropy, and KL Divergence in LLM Training
Each code block in this article is self-contained and can be run independently — that is why a few helper functions (softmax… Continue reading on Towards AI »
Entropy, Cross-Entropy, and KL Divergence in LLM Training
Medium · LLM 🧠 Large Language Models ⚡ AI Lesson 4d ago
Entropy, Cross-Entropy, and KL Divergence in LLM Training
Each code block in this article is self-contained and can be run independently — that is why a few helper functions (softmax… Continue reading on Towards AI »
How to Set Up a LangChain Dev Environment: A Step-by-Step Guide
Medium · LLM 🧠 Large Language Models ⚡ AI Lesson 4d ago
How to Set Up a LangChain Dev Environment: A Step-by-Step Guide
A quick tutorial on how to set up the environment to be able to work with LangChain before moving on to building LLM applications and… Continue reading on Mediu
Harness Engineering with Corvic.ai
Medium · RAG 🧠 Large Language Models ⚡ AI Lesson 4d ago
Harness Engineering with Corvic.ai
Why wrapping a model isn’t enough — and what the eight platform capabilities of reliable enterprise AI actually require. Continue reading on Medium »
The Cheapest LLM Token Is the One You Never Send
Medium · LLM 🧠 Large Language Models ⚡ AI Lesson 4d ago
The Cheapest LLM Token Is the One You Never Send
How a small open-source tool turns “thoughtful token use” from a slogan into something you can actually enforce Continue reading on Medium »
Daring Fireball 🧠 Large Language Models ⚡ AI Lesson 4d ago
Allen Pike, Back in November: ‘Why Is ChatGPT for Mac So Good?’
Allen Pike, back in November (and corresponding Hacker News thread ): Still, I wouldn’t count out the possibility of a change in course here. While mobile is ki
Open Source AI Engineers: Testing Princeton’s Agents Against Devin
Medium · LLM 🧠 Large Language Models ⚡ AI Lesson 4d ago
Open Source AI Engineers: Testing Princeton’s Agents Against Devin
The academics who built the industry’s favourite coding benchmark now say 100 lines of Python is enough for an AI engineer. I put that… Continue reading on Neur
Medium · LLM 🧠 Large Language Models ⚡ AI Lesson 4d ago
Eval Failures Should Update the Product Spec
Why repeated LLM extraction failures often reveal unclear product rules, not just weak prompts or weak models. Continue reading on Medium »
Your LLM-as-judge has a position bias you are not measuring
Medium · Machine Learning 🧠 Large Language Models ⚡ AI Lesson 4d ago
Your LLM-as-judge has a position bias you are not measuring
If your pairwise judge sees answer A before answer B, it tends to prefer A. If you never swap the order, every win-rate you report is… Continue reading on Mediu
Semantic Search vs Keyword Search: Why AI Finds Meaning, Not Just Words — Part 30
Medium · Deep Learning 🧠 Large Language Models ⚡ AI Lesson 4d ago
Semantic Search vs Keyword Search: Why AI Finds Meaning, Not Just Words — Part 30
I thought I understood search. Continue reading on Medium »
How to Rank in ChatGPT Search: The Mechanism Behind What Actually Gets You Cited
Medium · ChatGPT 🧠 Large Language Models ⚡ AI Lesson 4d ago
How to Rank in ChatGPT Search: The Mechanism Behind What Actually Gets You Cited
Most guides on how to rank in ChatGPT search hand you a list of tips and call it a day. Add schema, write FAQs, get backlinks, repeat. The… Continue reading on
Claude Saved a Dying Tomato Plant. You Can Watch it Live Right Now.
Medium · LLM 🧠 Large Language Models ⚡ AI Lesson 4d ago
Claude Saved a Dying Tomato Plant. You Can Watch it Live Right Now.
No human was allowed to intervene — just an AI, a webcam, and a real emergency. The viral version of this story gets the facts wrong; the… Continue reading on T
How I Built Young60 — An AI Assistant for Senior Citizens Using Streamlit and LangGraph
Medium · Python 🧠 Large Language Models ⚡ AI Lesson 4d ago
How I Built Young60 — An AI Assistant for Senior Citizens Using Streamlit and LangGraph
A hands-on project where I combined Streamlit, LangGraph, OpenAI, APIs, memory-aware routing, and safety guardrails to build a practical… Continue reading on Me