Linux Full Course 2026 | Linux Tutorial for Beginners | Linux Training in 2 Hours | Simplilearn

Key Takeaways

[Music] Hey there, welcome to our Linux full course by simply learn. In today's world of cyber security, knowing Linux is a must-h have skill, especially for those interested in ethical hacking. Linux is at the heart of many powerful hacking tools and environments, making it essential for anyone in the security field. The demand for Linux skills is growing fast as businesses and organizations use Linux- based system for their networks and data protection. In this course, you'll start with the basics of Linux and move on to more advanced skills. You'll gain hands-on experience with Kali Linux, the operating system of choice for many hackers and security professionals. We'll also teach you portal Linux commands, shell scripting, and system administration. all the key skills for protecting system and stopping cyber attacks. And by the end of this course, you'll have the skills and confidence to use Linux for ethical hacking and cyber security. With growing demand for Linux professionals, this course will help you open doors to exciting career opportunities in cyber security. So, let's get started. And hey, if you want to see more videos like this, hit the subscribe button and check out our channel for more such tips and content. Also, if you're interested in a futurep proof career in cyber security, then Simply Learn's professional certificate program in cyber security is the perfect starting point for you. Now, this is a 20week program in collaboration with PUR University and IBM which will equip you with hands-on expertise in tools like Metasplot, IT, Burpuit, NAP and explore generative AI in cyber security guided by industry experts. The demand for skilled professionals is skyrocketing and this program provides all the certification, skills and confidence you need to excel in the cyber security field. So what are you waiting for? Hurry up and enroll now and find the course link below. >> Hello tech wizards and digital explorers. Welcome to a journey into the core of Linux, the operating system powering over 2.3% of desktop computers globally and a staggering 96.3% of the world's top 1 million servers. I'm Abisa and today we are delving into one of the most vital components of Linux, its file systems. Imagine a world where every piece of digital information is meticulously organized, where every bite of data has its own unique place. That world exists right inside your Linux machine. So buckle up as we dive deep into the intricate maze of Linux file systems, exploring how they work, why they are important, and what makes them so unique in the realm of operating systems. In the realm of Linux, file systems like EXT4, XFS, and BTRFS aren't just names. They are sophisticated architectures that manage how billions of bytes of data are stored, accessed, and organized. These systems are the unsung heroes, ensuring data integrity and efficiency in a digital world. Today, we will uncover how these file systems support everything from your personal blogs to the largest data centers hosting pabytes of information. We will explore inodes, journaling, mounting and more terms that might sound complex but are incredibly fascinating once you get to know them. And now Linux offers a diverse array of file systems each tailored to specific requirements. And now let's explore some prevalent Linux file systems. So starting with EX2 and then we have EX3, EXT4, XFS, BTRFS, ZFS, JFS and then we have Riser FS. So now starting with the first one that is ext2. So extended file system 2 that is one of the Linux earliest and most commonly used file systems. Ext2 has long been a default choice for many Linux distributions. It's known for its stability and suitability for small to mediumsiz partitions. Though it lacks a journaling feature which can complicate file recovery post crash. Now moving to the next file system that is ext3 extended file system 3. Building on ext2. Extroduces journaling to track file system changes reducing data loss risk after crashes. It's a popular choice for its stability, reliability and performance. And now move to the next that is ext4 extended file system 4. As the evolution of ext3, ext4 addresses some of its predecessors limitations. It supports larger files, quicker file system checks and enhance performance for larger disk. Features like journal check summing also enhances data integrity. Exta file system in many modern Linux distributions. Now moving to the next file system that is XFS. So XFS that is XFile system that is designed for large scale storage and XFS excels in performance and is suitable for file systems up to 16 XABY. It's a top choice for large data centers offering scalability, reliability and featuring like general and file level languages. Now moving on to the next file system that is BT RFS B3 file system. A newer Linux file system. BTRFS supports copy on write snapshots and sub volumes allowing for multiple file systems within a single partition. It also includes RA and compression support. BTRFS is still under development and isn't as commonly used as other file systems. Next we have is ZFS. ZFS Zetabyte file system initially developed for Solaris. ZFS is a robust system with features like snapshots, data compression, duplication and built-in rate. renowned for its data integrity and self-filling capabilities. ZFS is not typically included in Linux distributions due to licensings but can be installed separately. Now moving to the next file system that is GFS. GFS journal file system that is developed by IBM. GFS is known for its performance and reliability. It offers journaling, file level compression and online resizing making it a strong choice for high performance systems. And now the next one that is resizer FS. So targeted at high performance computing, Resizer FS includes features like journaling, file level encryption, and support for larger files. While known for its speed and reliability, it's less common compared to other file systems listed here. Now moving to key Linux file system directories. So the Linux operating systems file management is predominantly handled through directories commonly known as folders. These elements are crucial in the Linux file system serving not just as file holders but also as organizational tools. Imagine directories as virtual boxes each capable of storing files and other directories. Directories in Linux play a vital role in providing an ordered hierarchal framework for file arrangement. This hierarchy commences at the root directory denoted as slash and extends into various subdirectories. This approach allows for a logical and systematic organization of complex systems enhancing the ease of file management and access. So key Linux file system directories each directory in the Linux file system serves a distinct purpose. Here are some of the signant directories. Starting with the number one that is root directory. So root directory is the highest level in the Linux file system hierarchy. All other directories and files are nested within this root. Now moving to the next directory that is bin standing for binaries. This directory contains essential command line utilities and programs vital for basic system management. And then we have boot. So here lies the bootloadader files and the kernel images necessary for system startup. And then we have dev. This directory host device files representing both physical like printers and disk and virtual devices like terminals. And then we have etc directory that is home to system configuration files. These are utilized by various applications and services. And then we have home directory. It houses individual users directories providing personal space for file and setting storage. And then we have library directory. This directory stores shared library files needed by system programs. Next we have media directory. A mounting point for removable media such as USB drives, CDs and DVDs. And then we have Mnt that is mounting directory that is used for temporarily mounting file systems like network file systems or disk images. Next we have OPD directory a location for additional software packages that are not part of the standard system. And then we have standard bin directory a directory for system binaries and administrative tools essential for system upkeep. And then we have user directory that contains user level programs, libraries, documentation and shared data files. So these were the directories in Linux file distribution system. And now here are the key concepts in file systems. Starting with journaling file system. So these systems maintain a log referred to as journal. This log records changes to files that are not yet permanently saved on the disk. This feature is particularly useful for recovering lost changes in the event of a system failure. And the next we have is versioning file systems. These systems reserve earlier versions of files. Essentially they save file copies based on their previous states at specific intervals offering a backup mechanism that could be based on minute or hourly updates. And next we have index nodes. An iode symbolizes a file or directory detailing attributes like size, permissions, ownership and physical locations. And now we'll see the demo for the Linux file distribution system. So for that we will open the terminal with control D. And now first we'll see in which directory we currently are in. So we are in home aisaruja. So first we'll move to the root directory. For that we'll write the command cd space/. So now we have moved to the root directory. And here we'll see what types of directories we have. We have bin, dev, boot, etc. opt run swap file. So now we'll move to the bin directory. So in bin directory it contains binaries or essential executable files. So these are the binaries and executable files that we can use in the terminal only. So now as I will show you there's a bin and there's s bin also. This is sbin. So now we'll move to the sbin directory. For that we'll write the command cd sbin. And here we see the directories of sbin. So what does sbin contain? It contains system binaries like mount or delete and the user that are used by the root user. So these binaries can be used by the root user only. And then we have other directories that is library. So to move to the library directory we'll write the command cdl. And now we'll see its directories. So what does it contains? It stores common libraries between bin and spin. So many directories are stored in the library directory only. So then we have another directory that is user directory under the root only. So to move to that we'll write cd user. So it says that so first we'll move back to the root directory and then we'll move to the user directory. So it says that no such file or directory is present here. We'll just check. I think it's USR for user. Yeah, it's USR. So user directory is named as USR. We'll move to the user directory and to see the directories inside user. So these are the directories in user. So user has its own bin and sbin directory and the binaries here are non essential binaries and there's a local directory under user. So it contains binaries that you can combine manually. So these are all the directories under root and you can go to other directories also as I have shown you the diagram of all the directories under user or under the root that I have shown in the previous thing. So you can check it out. So in conclusion the Linux file system with its directory structure is a cornerstone of the operating system. It facilitates efficient data management while upholding system stability and security. Linux file system is characterized by its hierarchical treel like structure with the root directory at its apex. Various file systems in Linux cater to different needs each with its pros and cons. The Linux directory structure encompasses an array of directories each designated for specific function like system binaries, boot files, device files and user files. Now moving back to our topic that is Linux versus Windows. So Linux an open-source and complimentary operating system debuted in 1991 courtesy of Linus Strows while he was a student at the University of Helsenai. Drawing its foundation from the unique system, Linux is acclaimed for its robust stability, enhanced security, and versatile adaptability. It's extensively utilized across various platforms including servers, supercomputers, mobile devices, embedded systems and desktop computers. On the other side, Microsoft is the architect behind the proprietary operating system Windows. Launched initially as Windows 1.0 in 1985, it served as a graphical overlay for the MSTO system. Over the years, Windows has evolved through numerous substantial updates. This operating system is prevalent across a broad spectrum of devices encompassing personal computers, tablets and other similar technologies. While Linux has established dominance in server and supercomputer applications, Windows enjoy widespread popularity in the personal computing realm. Windows is often loaded for its userfriendly interface whereas Linux is celebrated for its formidable stability and security features. In the past few years, Linux has seen a surge in its adoption as a desktop operating system. This rise in popularity can be attributed primarily to the emergence of accessible and userfriendly versions like Ubuntu and Mint. Despite this, Windows continues to maintain its stronghold as the global preferred desktop operating system. Nevertheless, Linux is steadily carving out a significant niche for itself in the market. Now moving to the difference between Linux versus Windows. So starting with first that is Windows uses different data drives like CDE to store files and folders and whereas Linux uses a tree like a hierarchical file system. Linux files are ordered in a tree structure starting with the root directory whereas in Windows files are stored in folders on different data drives like C, D or E. Now moving to the next difference that is hard drives, CDROMs, printers are considered as devices and whereas in Linux peripherals like hard drives, CDROMs, printers are also considered files in Linux or Unix systems. Now moving to the next difference that is there are four types of user account types in Windows that is administrator, standard, child and guest. Whereas in Linux there are three types of user account types regular, root and service account. Moving to the next difference. So Windows administrator user has all administrative privileges of computers. And in Linux root user is the super user and has all administrative privileges. And now moving to the next one. So in Windows you cannot have two files with the same name in the same folder. Whereas in Linux you can have that is the naming convention is case sensitive. The sample and the case uppercase sample are two different files in Linux or Unix operating system. And moving to the next difference in Windows my documents is default home directory. Whereas in Linux for every user directory is created which is called his home directory. And talking about more so Linux is an open-source operating system. So user can change source code as per requirement. Whereas Windows OS is a commercial operating system. So user doesn't have access to source code and Linux is very well secure as it is easy to detect bugs and fix whereas Windows has a huge user base. So it becomes a target of hackers to attack Windows system. And if we compare Windows file system versus Linux file system, Linux runs faster even with older hardware whereas Windows are slower compared to Linux. And in Linux, as you can see, you can have two files with the same name. And in Linux, you would find the system and program files in different directories. Whereas in Windows, system and program files are usually saved in C drive. We are diving into 50 Linux commands that are absolute mustn knows for anyone using this powerful operating system. So let's get started. So now let's get started. And the first thing we have to do is open the terminal. So we'll just press Ctrl P and here's a terminal and we'll get started with the commands now. So the first command we'll see here is ls. So what does ls do? It lists all the files and directories in the current directory. So as you can see we are on the home screen only. So it has listed all them that is desktop, documents, downloads, music, pictures, public, snap, templates and videos as you could see. Uh so this is the home screen and these are the directories that are listed in the home and that this ls command has provided all the directories here and I'm running the Ubuntu on the virtual box for your information. So if you have the Ubuntu installed on your system so it's well and good and I was using Windows so I use the virtual box to install the Ubuntu and here we are running all the commands and if you use ls minus so it will give all the hidden directories also hidden stuff so these are the hidden stuff that was there so it has listed them also so now moving on to the next command that would be pwd And what does the pwd command do? It prints the current working directory where we are working. So pwd. So we are at home aisaruja. So this is our current working directory. And now we'll see the next command that is cd. And what does it does is change the directory. If you want to move to any directory, you can just write cd and the name of the directory. And we'll see which one will go to documents. We'll just write documents. and press enter. So now we are in the documents directory and with the command cd dot dot we'll jump back to the previous directory that is cd space dot dot oh sorry now you have been redacted to the previous directory that is home only and if you want to just get back to home you can just write cd space and click on you'll get back to the home as we are already on the home So we have not changed any directory and the next command would be mkdir that is to create a new directory. So for that we'll just write mkdir and the name of the new directory what you want to create. So I will create the new directory with the name abisar. So we have created the new directory. You can check here that abisar that has been created. And if you want to remove that directory you just have to use the command rmdir space abisar and press enter. And that directive would be removed from there. That has been removed. And now we'll see the command to create a file. And this is the easiest way to create any file. So we'll just use the touch command that is to create a file. And after touch, you just have to write the name of the file. So I'll write abisar dot txt. So you'll see. So the txt file has been created here. So here we have cleared the terminal and now we'll see another command to create a file that is cat. So just write cat greater than symbol and the name of the file that would be a bisar 2 dot txt. Okay. And press enter. And now you can write the content you want to insert in this file. So I'll write my name is Aishar and today I'm creating a video on Linux. Okay. And after writing this you just have to press control and D. So this will be inserted into your file. So after pressing the control + D this content has been inserted. So we can just check it. You can see here that the content is already been inserted in the file. Okay. So moving back now we'll see the next command that is echo. And echo is mainly used to get something to display in the terminal only. Or you just want to talk to yourself, you can use the echo command. So here I will write echo in inverted comma. So I will write simply learn and press enter. You could see that it has returned simply learn. So it get backs the text or anything you want to display on the terminal only. And now we will see another command that is cp and that is used to copy files or directories. So here we'll use the command cp and here we'll copy a file that is uh a visar 2.xt into documents. So for that we'll write cp after that the name of the file that is a visar 2 dot txt and then the folder name that was documents and then enter. Now we'll check in the documents we have the visard 2.xt file and that has been copied into that and the next command is mv. So if you want to move any file into any directory you just write mv and we have the file that is avhr.txt. This file we will also move into documents. So we'll just write the name of the file that is p sxt and txt and the name of the directory in which you want to move it. So that is documents dash and then enter. And now we'll check it. So you can see that it has been moved. So it has been moved from home to documents. And now uh we'll see another command that is rm that is to remove any file or directories. So from the documents only we'll remove the file aisar 2.xt. Okay. So here we'll write rm avisar 2.xt. txt and from where you want to remove it that is documents. Okay. Uh can we it's a directory. Okay. So we'll just write this command. We are in the home. So first we'll move to documents sorry cd documents and here we will remove the file that is rm aisard2.txt txt and now if we see that has been removed from here and now we'll see another command that is nano and that is also used to create a file or if you have the exact file what file name you will enter here if it's there it will open that or else it will create a new file so we'll write 3.txt txt enter and here you can directly like edit the file or you could just write the file. So you could edit it here and write anything that is we are learning Linux and to save it we'll just press Ctrl X Y and then enter. So it has been saved. We are learning Linux. So this is also the mode to create a file and you would just go with the editor directly and you could just enter in the file and then to save it you just have to press Ctrl X Y and enter. And now uh the next command that is shred command. If you want to hide something or you want don't want to show any content in a file to anyone. So you will just write or use the shred command that is shred and after that file name that is [Music] that is file name 3 dot txt and press enter and we'll use cat to open that that is 3 dot txt and press enter you can see that it won't show any content to anyone. So after that we'll see another command that is htop and what does it do is uh like it's not found here and it's not installed. So if you want to install it just write this command that is sudo install htop and press enter. And now it's asking for password. And now moving on to the next command. We will create another window for that. Close these windows. Close this terminal. And in this terminal, we'll use the command less. And this command is used to view the contents interactively of the file. So we'll use less and see the contents of obiser.txt. txt press enter. So you could see that the contents are I am a viser and see that the content is I am a visa and now we will see another command and for that we'll create a new window and close the previous terminals and in the new terminal we'll use the gr command that is used to search for specific patterns or words within the within the files. So gp and then the special term that is abisar we'll search and then the file name that is abiser dot txt and press enter. So it will return the full sentence in which that pattern is found that is I'm a bisar and you could see in the file that we have a bisar text and that is in the line I'm a bisa and it has returned us that and we go to the next command we'll use the find command and with find command you could search for various files or directories based on a given criteria so we will find the abhaser txt file here and like it has returned that we are in the documents only and it has returned the ais txt file. So this was about the find command and moving on to the next command that is to change file access permissions and that command is chot. So missing opin uh so we have to add the oprint also that is chote and we'll write 755 and the name of the file that is pubiser txt and press enter. So the permissions of the file have been changed here. And what does this indicate? So we have set the file permissions of aiser.txt txt file to read, write and execute for the owner and read and execute for others here. And if you want to change the ownership of the file, we will cut. And now moving to the next terminal. And here we will use the command gzip that is to compress the files. So gzip and then the name of the file that is aer.txt and press enter. So it has been compressed. You could see that it has been compressed. And to uncompress or decompress the compressed files, we'll just write the command gun. And then the name of the file that is vert dot txt and it has been compressed. So the extension has been changed gz. And now if you see that has been decompressed. So now we will use another command and now we will see another command that is date. So we'll just write date and you could see that the date has been printed and then we have command who am I and it will just showcase the current username that is absar and the next command is which and that is to locate a program or command in the system path. You could just write history to get all the commands that you have executed in today's terminal. And there's another command that is up time. So what does it indicates is it displays system up time and load average. So system has been up from which time or how much time. So that is up time. And then there is another command that is df that is to display disk space usage. And then we have another command du that is to display disk usage by file per directory. So this directory has been using 12 memories. And the next command is you name. So you name is used to check the complete OS information of the system. So we are using Linux here. So it has provided Linux over here. And now moving on to the next command that is clear command. If we use the clear command, so all the things in the terminal would be cleared. So the next command is man command. The man command displays a user manual for any commands or utilities available in the terminal. So we'll just write mn ls. And so these are the commands that are present in the terminal including their name, description and options. And now moving on to the next command. that is we will use the wget get command to help me download the files from the internet. So for that if I want to download a YouTube video just open the Firefox browser. So, we'll just copy the URL from here and get back to our terminal and use the command wget and paste the URL here and press enter. So, you could see that it has downloaded the file for us. And there's another and we will open a new terminal for the command that is shutdown command and for that you just route repeat for that you'll just write shutdown space and now and press enter and the system will be shut down now only or you could just write shutdown and the exact time at which time you want to shut down the system. So it will shut down at that point. So these were the commands for the Linux. >> If you've ever opened a computer's file manager, you have probably seen something familiar on Windows. It's that trusty C drive with neat folders like program files and documents. On Mac, you get applications folder, your desktop and few others. Easy, right? But then you step into Linux and suddenly you're staring at bin, etc. proc lib and you're thinking what alien planet have I just landed on. Now the truth is Linux organizes its file in a completely different way. No C drive, no fancy icon. Everything starts from a single slash. And every folder hanging from it has a very specific job. And here's the thing, it's not as scary as it looks. In fact, once you understand it, it's beautifully logical. So, in this video, I'm going to walk you through the Linux file system structure step by step in plain simple English. No tech jargon overloaded. And by the end, you'll know exactly what each folder does, where to find your stuff, and how it's different from Windows and Mac. So, in this video, we'll be covering what the Linux file system is, and how it's different from Windows and Mac. Starting in the root directory and exploring key folders like home, bin, dev, lip, temp, and many others. We'll also cover simple Linux commands to navigate and explore the structure and a few quiz questions to make sure you're following along. Now, before we get started, here's a quick quiz question for you. When you first boot up your computer, which part of the Linux file system do you think is responsible for starting the system? Home directory, boot directory, etc. directory? You can drop your guesses in the comment section below. Also, if you haven't subscribed to Simple Learn YouTube channel yet, do hit the notification bell and subscribe for more such content by simply learn. So, let's get started now. Now, before we get started, let's first understand what exactly the Linux file system is. You can think of it as the organization system for your computer. Now, every file, program, and setting on your system is stored somewhere. And the Linux system is responsible for organizing all of that into neat directories and files. It's just like the blueprint for your computer's data storage, telling you where to find things and how they are connected. Just like a library has shelf, labels, and categories to keep all the books organized. In the same way the Linux file system works, but with files and directories instead of books. So why do we need this structure? Well, in Linux, the file system is a hierarchal structure, which means everything is organized in layers starting from the root at the top just like a tree and the branches off into different directories, each serving a specific purpose. It help manage data efficiently, ensuring security and allows the system to run smoothly and quickly. So, why are we diving into the Linux file system today? So whether you're new to Linux or a seasoned user, understanding where files are stored and how everything is organized is very important for troubleshooting and system efficiency. Knowing the purpose of each directory will help you to navigate and manage files easily. This video will give you a solid foundation so you can confidently handle task and feel in control of your Linux system. Let's have a quick comparison between Windows and Linux. So when you're using Windows, everything feels familiar. You've got your C drive, maybe a D or E drive, and all your files and programs are neatly stored there. File paths uses backslashes like users Alex document, and Windows doesn't care about capital letters. So you can see here in the screen, you can see most of the apps are installed and it's end up with C back slashprogram files, right? And also talking about the capital letters now files .txt and files are treated the same. Most apps you install end up with C program file. So it's pretty straightforward. But here in case of Linux it's pretty different. The rules are a little different. There are no drive letters. Everything starts with a single root directory and from there all your folders and files branch out. File paths uses forward slashes like home, Chris, downloads. And it's also case sensitive. So file.txt and file.txt are completely different files here. Now another big difference is in Linux everything your hard drive, your USB sticks, even your keyboard appears somewhere under this slash. You can think of it like this. Now Linux is a giant tree and this slash is the trunk and every folder is a branch out here. the bin etc home opt and everything. Now once you see the pattern it actually becomes easier for you to navigate than in Windows. All right. Now let's talk about the Linux file hierarchy structure or simply how Linux arranges the folders and files. Well in Linux there's something called the file system hierarchy standard or FHS for short. You can think of it as a rule book that tells the system where different types of files should go. Now, this standard is managed by the Linux Foundation. And here's the interesting part. No matter where a file is stored on your computer's hard drive or external drive or even a virtual device in Linux, all of it appears under one main folder, which is the root directory. Now, this root directory is just under a single forward slash. Some folders you'll see only if certain features are installed like the X window system for graphic but most of these folders are present in all Unix space system and they generally work in a very similar way. What we'll be focusing on here is how Linux uses them specifically. So let's dive into the structure and break it down step by step. Let's begin at the top the very first directory in Linux which is the root directory. Now what is a root directory in Linux? Well, the root directory is like the main entry point in Linux. It's represented by a single forward slash and everything else in the system connects to it. You can think of the root directory like the trunk of a tree and all the other directories like branches grow out from it. This is the highest point in the Linux file system and there is nothing above it. It's the starting point for everything. Now, how does the root directory even work? Well, every file folder device or even a network shared in the system is connected with slash. Let's say for example your documents, music files or even your external devices like USB drives. Everything will appear under the folder slash. But only the root user that is the administrator can make changes directly to the slash directory. Normal users won't have the permission to modify things out there without special access. Here's an important clarification to make the root versus this slash the slashroot versus the normal slash. So this is the main root directory and the root is a special directory is the personal home directory to the root user and it's very similar to how the home username in a home directory is used for other people. You can think of root as the roots user personal workspace within the system. Now in Windows we use different letters like C drive, D drive to represent different parts of a system like your hard drive, external storage etc. But in the case of Linux there's no such thing as drive letters. Instead everything connects to a root directory even if it's an external devices like a USB drive. This structure makes Linux more unified and flexible as all the files no matter where they are stored are part of one system which is starting from slash. All right, we are at the trunk of the tree. Let's grab the essential tools we'll need and they are all in the bin folder. Now the second directory we're talking about is the bin which is essential user command. Now the bin directory in Linux it stands for binary and it contains essential commands that every user can use. So whether they are an administrator or a normal user, these commands are the core tools which are required for running the system and doing everyday task for the terminal which is the command line. But why is bin even important? Well, the commands in bin are vital for working with files and managing your system. Let's say for here ls which stands for list the files in a directory. The cp stands for copies file or directories. MV means move or renaming files. RM is removing files or directories. Pink means checking network connectivity. GP searches for specific pattern in files and cat will display the contents of a file. You can see these commands are so fundamental that they are available even in single user mode which is a minimal state where the system can run in often used for maintenance or troubleshooting. So what happens if you don't have bin? If you don't have bin, you wouldn't be able to perform basic file operations like copying, deleting or listing the files from the terminal. Now these actions would be impossible making the system unusable for normal task. If you're familiar with Windows, bin in Linux is similar same as in Windows like how we write this in C drive Windows system 32 folder. System 32 in Windows holds essential tools like command.exe exe and other system utilities which are similar to how bin stores essential Linux command. So bin is critical directory in Linux because it's hold the basic commands that are necessary to interact with the system and manage file. Without these commands, the system wouldn't function properly. But before you can even use bin, Linux needs to actually start up and that's where boot comes in. Let's make sure you're following along. So I have another quiz question for you now. Which of these folders in Linux holds the command that help you manage files like copying and moving them? Your options are home, bin, boot. You can think your answer and you can drop it in the comment section below. Now we'll be talking about the boot directory which is often called the boot loader and kernel files. Now this is where Linux keep everything it needs to start from the system. It contains the Linux kernel, the core of the operating system. It holds the grub which is the bootloadader files the menu you might see when starting the computer. Now it also includes initial RAM disk file which is the initrid or init to help the kernel load drivers before the main system even starts. Now without boot your PC won't even start Linux. Talking about Windows window has boot files like boot mgr and the boot configuration. Okay the engine is running now. Linux needs to talk to hardware as well. keyboards, disk and printers. Now this happens when they are stored in the dev directory. Now dev is for the device files in Linux. So in Linux hardware is treated just like a file. So in hard drives you have folders like dev, SD1, dev, NDVM. Then you have USB drive, microphone, speakers, keyboards all have entries over here. Now talking about the two main components. So there are basically two main type of uh device files here. First we've got the block devices which store and transfer data in blocks for example hard drives. Then second we have the character devices which can send data one character at a time for example serial ports and keyboards. In Windows devices appear as EF etc. And in Linux they appear as special files in dev. Now how does Linux knows how to behave? Now that's decided in the ATC directory. This stands for system configuration files. The configuration files, this folder contains all the systemwide settings in plain text. You have your network settings here, the DNS servers. Then you have the user accounts as well, startup services like etc and ID etc. You can also open these files with any text editor because Linux stores configurations as readable text unlike Windows registry which is stored in special database. Now we have seen system settings. Now where do you keep your personal files? That's where we have our home directory which is for personal user directories. Now every user in Linux gets a personal folder under this home. So if your username is John, your folder would be home John and you can store documents, pictures, downloads and even your personal configurations over here. You cannot just modify other users folder without any permission. It's just like the Windows C drive where users join in Windows like how we use it. Now we have seen how this home directory works. Now to run applications, Linux needs shared code and this is where the lib directory comes in which is for shared libraries. So lib basically contains dots sour shared object files which are similar to DL files in Windows. Now these are used by programs in bin and spin to work properly. Let's say for example if bin ls needs to print colored output it might use a library in this lib directory to handle colors. Next we look at the Linux puts removable devices USB drives CDs and that's where media directory comes in. This is also called the automounted devices. So when you plug in a USB or you insert a CD Linux automatically it creates a folder inside media and it mounts it there. For example, we have media John my USB. Now, Windows will just give you the device a new drive letter. Whereas in case of Linux, it will treat it as a part of the single directory tree. Let's move on to next directory. Now, sometimes you don't want Linux to automount devices, right? And that's where the mount comes into play. This is also called the temporary mount point directory which is used by system admins to manually mount devices or network drives. Also, it's great for temporary use and it also doesn't even affect the media directory from here. Talking about the next directory on our list which is the opt optional software. We all know that some software doesn't come with Linux by default. We keep it that in this optional software directory. Third party software and its files are stored here. Let's say for example installing Google Chrome manually might put it in this opt Google Chrome directory. So this was for this directory out here. The next one we've got the SBIN which stands for system administration command. Now for system maintenance admins use special commands. These live in this folder. It contains commands like IP tables, firewall, fisk, disk parting and reboot. So if you want to access the directory, you want to first initially start up and access the root. Next one we've got on the list is srv the service data root directory. So what it does is it basically stores files for services like websites, SRV, www or FTP servers, SRV, FTP. Now you must have heard about this uh directory which is the temporary files TMP. This is used by application to store short-term data and also it clears automatically after a reboot. Then we've got this uh user directory, user programs and data. So the first one we have is the user local. These programs are installed manually from the source. Second uh user program data directory. We've got a user bin. The user commands which are not in the bin folder. Then we've got the user sbin where the admin commands not in the sbin. And then we have the user li which are related to libraries. The next up we've got this process information directory. So this is a virtual file system showing live uh system data. So this particularly will show your CPU details, your memory starts and information about a specific running process. So now that we have covered all the important file directories, I'll show you a quick Linux command cheat sheet. So here first up we've got this ls which stands for list directory content. Second we've got this cd directory which is the change directory. We have pwd which stands for print working directory. CP source desk it stands for copy files or directories. Then we've got MV source desk which is move rename files. RM is for move files or directory. Stop is for displaying system processes. PS is for showing process status. Chod permission file is for changing file permissions. ch OWN user group file is for changing file ownership. Grep pattern file is for searching text patterns. CAT file is for displaying file content. Ping host is to test network connection. SSH is for securing shell connection. And at last we've got WG URL to download the files. >> With cyber crime getting more and more complex by the day, corporations are in the need of trained personnel in the field of cyber security. Ethical hacking and penetration testing had always been necessary for organizations and the general public to protect the system against malicious attackers. However, with the exponential growth in cyber attacks, the necessity of being trained in ethical hacking is at an all-time high. Many such professionals tend to use Linux distributions for their penetration testing activities. There are specific operating systems which are catered to ethical hackers. These operating systems come pre-installed with the necessary tools and scripts required for ethical hacking. Probably the most famous operating system in this bracket is Kal Linux. For today's video, we will learn about this distribution made by and for hackers. We take you through the intricacies of its hardware and software specifications. Let's take a look at the agenda for today. We start by learning about Kali Linux and a basic explanation of its purpose. We take a look at the history of Kal Linux from the story of its origin to its current day exploits. Next, we learn a few distinct features of Kal Linux that make it an attractive choice for penetration testers worldwide. Moving on, we take a look at the multiple ways we can install Kal Linux to start our journey in the world of penetration testing. In the next few sections, we compare it to an industry rival operating system by the name of Parrot Security operating system. We take a look at the OS on a grassroots level. Next, we learn about the standout features of Kali Linux and Parrot Security with their unique offerings. We make a direct comparison between Kali and Parrot Security OS as far as their hardware specifications and allound usability is concerned. We make a conclusion as to which operating system caters to which category of user. In the next topic, we take a detailed look at how we can install Kali Linux on a Windows 10 system using the VMware virtualization software. Moving on, we go through some of the reasons why people should choose Kali Linux as their primary operating system when it comes to ethical hacking and penetration testing. In the next section, we cover the five different phases of penetration testing where each stage is a crucial segment in the entire cycle of a ethical hacking campaign. We also take a look at the most popular tools installed in Kal Linux that are used regularly by ethical hackers as a part of their professional work. Coming to a few live demonstrations, we start by learning some Linux terminal basic commands. Set up proxy chains to maintain a privacy on the internet. Run a few end mapap scans to find information about our victims. Use Wireshark to detect insecure browser traffic traveling through HTTP web pages. Learn about Metasloit and its components. And finally, use Metasloit to hack into a Windows 10 machine and grant ourselves root access or the admin access which basically gives us the key to the entire machine. It's no secret that the majority of our internet usage is at the risk of being hacked. Be it via unsafe messaging applications or misconfigured operating systems. To counteract this void of digital security, penetration testing has become the norm when it comes to vulnerability assessment. Kali Linux is an operating system that has become a well-known weapon in this fight against hackers. A Linux distribution that is made specifically for penetration testers. Kali Linux has layers of features that we will be covering in today's lesson. Let's take a look at the topics to be covered in this video. We start by learning about Kali Linux and a basic explanation of its purpose. We take a look at the history of Kali Linux from the story of its origin to its current day exploits. Next, we learn a few distinct features of Kali that make it an attractive choice for penetration testers worldwide. Finally, we take a look at the multiple ways we can install Kali Linux to start our journey in the world of penetration testing. Let's start by learning about Kali Linux. In general, Kali Linux, which is formerly known as Backtrack Linux, is an open-source Linux distribution aimed at advanced penetration testing and security auditing. It contains several hundred tools that are targeted towards various information security tasks such as penetration testing, security research, computer forensics, and reverse engineering. Kal Linux is a multiple platform solution accessible and freely available to information security professionals and hobbyists. Among all the Linux distributions, Kali Linux takes its roots from the Debian operating system. Debian has been a highly dependable and stable distribution for many years providing a similarly strong foundation to the Kali desktop. While the operating system is capable of practically modifying every single part of our installation, the networking components of Kali become disabled by default. This is done to prevent any external factors from affecting the installation procedure which may pose a risk in critical environments. Apart from boosting security, it allows a deeper element of control to the most enthusiastic of users. We did not get Kali Linux since the first day. How did it come into existence? Let's take a look at some of its history. Kal Linux is based on years of knowledge and experience in building penetration testing and operating systems. During all these project lifelines, there have been only a few different developers as the team has always been small. The first project was called WPEX which stands for White Hat NPIX. As can be inferred from the name, it was based on the NPIX operating system as its underlying OS. Opix had releases ranging from version 2.0 to 2.7. This made way for the next project which was known as WAX or the long hand being White Hat Slack. The name change was because the base OS was changed from NOPIX to Slack. WAX started at version 3 as a Nord. It carrying on from WPIX. There was a similar OS being produced at the same time. Auditor security collection often being shorted to just auditor which was once again using NOPIX. Its efforts were combined with wax to produce backtrack. Backtrack was based on slackware from version 1 to version 3 but switched to Ubuntu later on with version 4 to version 5. Using the experience gained from all of this, Kali Linux came after Backtrackk in 2013. Kali started off using Debian stable as the engine under the hood before moving to Debian testing when Kali Linux became a rolling operat