Foundations

ML Fundamentals

Neural networks, backpropagation, gradient descent — the maths behind AI

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lessons
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ML Maths Basics
beginner
Manipulate vectors and matrices
Supervised Learning
beginner
Train decision trees, random forests, and neural nets
Unsupervised Learning
intermediate
Apply k-means and DBSCAN clustering
ML Pipelines
intermediate
Engineer features and handle missing data
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Unsupervised Learning
Medium · Machine Learning 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2w ago
Unsupervised Learning
Unsupervised learning is one of the fundamental methods used in machine learning. In this article, I will explain what unsupervised… Continue reading on Medium
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ArXiv cs.AI 📐 ML Fundamentals 📄 Paper ⚡ AI Lesson 2w ago
CognitiveTwin: Robust Multi-Modal Digital Twins for Predicting Cognitive Decline in Alzheimer's Disease
arXiv:2604.22428v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Predicting individual cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease (AD) is difficult due to the heterogeneity of dis
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The Machine Learning Cheatsheet: Every Algorithm You Need to Know, Explained
Medium · AI 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2w ago
The Machine Learning Cheatsheet: Every Algorithm You Need to Know, Explained
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The Machine Learning Cheatsheet: Every Algorithm You Need to Know, Explained
Medium · Data Science 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2w ago
The Machine Learning Cheatsheet: Every Algorithm You Need to Know, Explained
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The Machine Learning Cheatsheet: Every Algorithm You Need to Know, Explained
Medium · Programming 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2w ago
The Machine Learning Cheatsheet: Every Algorithm You Need to Know, Explained
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Every AI You’ve Ever Used Ran This Loop Millions of Times
Medium · Data Science 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2w ago
Every AI You’ve Ever Used Ran This Loop Millions of Times
Trillion-dollar AI. One humble loop. Here’s exactly how it works. Continue reading on Medium »
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There Are No Rules Inside a Trained AI
Medium · AI 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2w ago
There Are No Rules Inside a Trained AI
How neural networks learn: backpropagation, decision boundaries, and why AI doesn’t store rules Continue reading on Towards AI »
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There Are No Rules Inside a Trained AI
Medium · Machine Learning 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2w ago
There Are No Rules Inside a Trained AI
How neural networks learn: backpropagation, decision boundaries, and why AI doesn’t store rules Continue reading on Towards AI »
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There Are No Rules Inside a Trained AI
Medium · Data Science 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2w ago
There Are No Rules Inside a Trained AI
How neural networks learn: backpropagation, decision boundaries, and why AI doesn’t store rules Continue reading on Towards AI »
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There Are No Rules Inside a Trained AI
Medium · Deep Learning 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2w ago
There Are No Rules Inside a Trained AI
How neural networks learn: backpropagation, decision boundaries, and why AI doesn’t store rules Continue reading on Towards AI »
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Programação Competitiva: o que é, onde estudar e como começar
Medium · Programming 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2w ago
Programação Competitiva: o que é, onde estudar e como começar
conceito, competições, grandes nomes e onde estudar Continue reading on Medium »
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How Bees Solve Math Problems Better Than Most Algorithms
Medium · Machine Learning 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2w ago
How Bees Solve Math Problems Better Than Most Algorithms
What if the most elegant solution to a complex optimization problem was hiding inside a beehive? Continue reading on Medium »
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How Bees Solve Math Problems Better Than Most Algorithms
Medium · Data Science 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2w ago
How Bees Solve Math Problems Better Than Most Algorithms
What if the most elegant solution to a complex optimization problem was hiding inside a beehive? Continue reading on Medium »
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How Bees Solve Math Problems Better Than Most Algorithms
Medium · Python 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2w ago
How Bees Solve Math Problems Better Than Most Algorithms
What if the most elegant solution to a complex optimization problem was hiding inside a beehive? Continue reading on Medium »
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Dev.to AI 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2w ago
“Using R and Python Together with reticulate: A Practical Guide for Data Workflows”
R and Python are often treated as two separate worlds. R is loved for statistics, reporting, and tidy data workflows. Python dominates machine learning, automat
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Chapter 7: The Training Loop and Adam Optimiser
Dev.to · Gary Jackson 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2w ago
Chapter 7: The Training Loop and Adam Optimiser
Assemble a full training loop: forward, loss, backward, and Adam parameter updates with momentum, adaptive scaling, and learning rate decay.
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From Preventable Readmissions to Sustainable Insurance Costs: A Hypothetical ML Case Study
Medium · Machine Learning 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2w ago
From Preventable Readmissions to Sustainable Insurance Costs: A Hypothetical ML Case Study
This is an illustrative case study for educational purposes. The hospital name and financial figures are hypothetical. Hospital payment… Continue reading on Tow
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From Preventable Readmissions to Sustainable Insurance Costs: A Hypothetical ML Case Study
Medium · Data Science 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2w ago
From Preventable Readmissions to Sustainable Insurance Costs: A Hypothetical ML Case Study
This is an illustrative case study for educational purposes. The hospital name and financial figures are hypothetical. Hospital payment… Continue reading on Tow
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Solving the Schrödinger Equation with PyTorch: A Guide to Quantum PINNs
Medium · Machine Learning 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2w ago
Solving the Schrödinger Equation with PyTorch: A Guide to Quantum PINNs
If you work in Machine Learning, you are used to the standard paradigm: gather a massive dataset (X_train, y_train), feed it into a neural… Continue reading on
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ART: A Faster Way to Train Speech Recognition Models
Medium · Machine Learning 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2w ago
ART: A Faster Way to Train Speech Recognition Models
How residual learning and CTC alignment can accelerate RNN-Transducer training. Continue reading on Medium »
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ART: A Faster Way to Train Speech Recognition Models
Medium · Deep Learning 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2w ago
ART: A Faster Way to Train Speech Recognition Models
How residual learning and CTC alignment can accelerate RNN-Transducer training. Continue reading on Medium »
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Go Öğrenme Günlüğü — Gün 3
Medium · Programming 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2w ago
Go Öğrenme Günlüğü — Gün 3
Go öğrenirken en kritik kırılma noktalarından biri şudur: Continue reading on Medium »
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Medium · Machine Learning 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2w ago
The Model/AI solution Evaluation: MAE vs. RMSE
In the world of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning, we often obsess over building the “perfect” model. We tweak hyperparameters… Continue reading on M
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Model Training: Seni Menunggu dan Berharap
Medium · AI 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2w ago
Model Training: Seni Menunggu dan Berharap
Usai pelatihan berjam-jam, ada kalanya model masih terasa underfitting. Tidak ada hasil yang instan; semua butuh proses. Continue reading on Medium »
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Medium · Machine Learning 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2w ago
Customer Churn Prediction A Step-by-Step Machine Learning Guide
A simple breakdown of the Classification workflow for Retail & Business Continue reading on Medium »
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Link Regression with Graph Convolutional Neural Networks in PyTorch Geometric (2/3)
Medium · AI 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2w ago
Link Regression with Graph Convolutional Neural Networks in PyTorch Geometric (2/3)
Graph Convolution Operation Continue reading on Medium »
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Data: The Fuel That Runs the AI Engine
Medium · Data Science 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2w ago
Data: The Fuel That Runs the AI Engine
No data, no intelligence. It’s really that simple (and that complicated). Continue reading on Medium »
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Medium · Machine Learning 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2w ago
The Goldilocks Problem of Deep Learning: Why Your Batch Size Changes Everything
Imagine being dropped onto the peak of a jagged, fog-covered mountain at midnight. Your only goal? Get to the absolute lowest point in the… Continue reading on
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Medium · Deep Learning 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2w ago
The Goldilocks Problem of Deep Learning: Why Your Batch Size Changes Everything
Imagine being dropped onto the peak of a jagged, fog-covered mountain at midnight. Your only goal? Get to the absolute lowest point in the… Continue reading on
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Medium · Python 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2w ago
What My First Week of Python Actually Looked Like
3 Months Later I Can Finally Talk About It Continue reading on Medium »
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Dev.to AI 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2w ago
How To Leverage AI for Advanced Cancer Metastasis Prediction
Key Takeaways The University of Geneva’s MangroveGS system predicts cancer metastasis with 80% accuracy by analyzing gene expression patterns, offering a breakt
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Transforming Machine Learning Tasks into Usable Insights with ML Intern
Medium · Machine Learning 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2w ago
Transforming Machine Learning Tasks into Usable Insights with ML Intern
In the world of machine learning, we often find ourselves grappling with a myriad of tasks that can feel overwhelming. How do we sift… Continue reading on Mediu
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The Covariance Matrix Killed LTCM. It’s Also How AQR and Two Sigma Generate Alpha.
Medium · Data Science 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2w ago
The Covariance Matrix Killed LTCM. It’s Also How AQR and Two Sigma Generate Alpha.
The covariance matrix — Σ = E[(X − μ)(X − μ)ᵀ] — is the object through which elite hedge funds generate alpha, manage systemic risk, and… Continue reading on Me
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Sparse Matrices — When Most of Your Data is Zero
Medium · AI 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2w ago
Sparse Matrices — When Most of Your Data is Zero
Algorithms in Python— Foundations, Part 11 Continue reading on Medium »
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Sparse Matrices — When Most of Your Data is Zero
Medium · Machine Learning 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2w ago
Sparse Matrices — When Most of Your Data is Zero
Algorithms in Python— Foundations, Part 11 Continue reading on Medium »
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Sparse Matrices — When Most of Your Data is Zero
Medium · Python 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2w ago
Sparse Matrices — When Most of Your Data is Zero
Algorithms in Python— Foundations, Part 11 Continue reading on Medium »
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Understanding Machine Learning and the ML Pipeline — Step by Step
Medium · Machine Learning 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2w ago
Understanding Machine Learning and the ML Pipeline — Step by Step
After understanding Artificial Intelligence (AI), the next big question is: Continue reading on Medium »
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Understanding Machine Learning and the ML Pipeline — Step by Step
Medium · Data Science 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2w ago
Understanding Machine Learning and the ML Pipeline — Step by Step
After understanding Artificial Intelligence (AI), the next big question is: Continue reading on Medium »
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Medium · Machine Learning 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2w ago
“How a self-taught builder with no coding background made it to the Meta PyTorch Grand Finale”
Two months ago I didn’t know what an RL environment was. Continue reading on Medium »
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Python Isn’t One Skill -It’s 10 Different Career Paths!
Medium · Machine Learning 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2w ago
Python Isn’t One Skill -It’s 10 Different Career Paths!
When you want to “learn Python,” it sounds like a single, clear skill but that’s misleading… Continue reading on Medium »
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Day 13 Part 3 + 16 Weeks: When Code Breaks But Consistency Doesn’t
Medium · Machine Learning 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2w ago
Day 13 Part 3 + 16 Weeks: When Code Breaks But Consistency Doesn’t
Stacking ensemble still throwing errors. Tests still failing. Continue reading on Medium »
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Day 13 Part 3 + 16 Weeks: When Code Breaks But Consistency Doesn’t
Medium · Python 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2w ago
Day 13 Part 3 + 16 Weeks: When Code Breaks But Consistency Doesn’t
Stacking ensemble still throwing errors. Tests still failing. Continue reading on Medium »
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Finding Order in Chaos: What If the TSP Isn’t About Searching, But Ordering?
Medium · Python 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2w ago
Finding Order in Chaos: What If the TSP Isn’t About Searching, But Ordering?
Introducing GIO: How mapping 2D spatial data into a 1D sequence achieves 0.0000% gaps on several classic TSPLIB benchmarks — with… Continue reading on Medium »
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From Confusion to Code: My Journey Into Tech as a Beginner
Medium · Programming 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2w ago
From Confusion to Code: My Journey Into Tech as a Beginner
I still remember the moment I decided I wanted to enter the world of technology. Continue reading on Medium »
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Temperature, Top-K, Top-P (The 3 Parameters Every AI Developer Must Understand)
Medium · Machine Learning 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2w ago
Temperature, Top-K, Top-P (The 3 Parameters Every AI Developer Must Understand)
Subtitle: You have been using these parameters without knowing what they actually do. Here is exactly what is happening inside the model. Continue reading on Me
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Why Your Data Pipelines Need to Start Healing Themselves
Medium · Machine Learning 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2w ago
Why Your Data Pipelines Need to Start Healing Themselves
A practical guide to autonomous, resilient data infrastructure for 2026 and beyond Continue reading on Medium »
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Why Your Neural Network Fails Silently and How to Actually Debug It
Dev.to · Alan West 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2w ago
Why Your Neural Network Fails Silently and How to Actually Debug It
Practical debugging strategies for deep learning models that fail silently, from data pipeline checks to gradient monitoring and distribution shift detection.
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Training Infrastructure — Deep Dive + Problem: NeRF Ray Sampling
Dev.to · pixelbank dev 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2w ago
Training Infrastructure — Deep Dive + Problem: NeRF Ray Sampling
A daily deep dive into llm topics, coding problems, and platform features from PixelBank. ...
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