Core AI

Large Language Models

Deep dives into GPT, Claude, Gemini, Llama and the transformers powering modern AI

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LLM Foundations

Explain how transformers generate text

Write zero-shot and few-shot prompts

LLM Engineering

Call LLM APIs with function/tool use

Fine-tuning LLMs

Prepare fine-tuning datasets

Multimodal LLMs

Use GPT-4V / Claude Vision for image understanding

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ArXiv cs.AI 🧠 Large Language Models 📄 Paper ⚡ AI Lesson 2w ago

Diagonal-Tiled Mixed-Precision Attention for Efficient Low-Bit MXFP Inference

arXiv:2604.03950v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Transformer-based large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable performance across a wide range of

ArXiv cs.AI 🧠 Large Language Models 📄 Paper ⚡ AI Lesson 2w ago

VLA-Forget: Vision-Language-Action Unlearning for Embodied Foundation Models

arXiv:2604.03956v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Vision-language-action (VLA) models are emerging as embodied foundation models for robotic manipulation, but t

ArXiv cs.AI 🧠 Large Language Models 📄 Paper ⚡ AI Lesson 2w ago

Gram-Anchored Prompt Learning for Vision-Language Models via Second-Order Statistics

arXiv:2604.03980v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Parameter-efficient prompt learning has become the de facto standard for adapting Vision-Language Models (VLMs

ArXiv cs.AI 🧠 Large Language Models 📄 Paper ⚡ AI Lesson 2w ago

Can LLMs Learn to Reason Robustly under Noisy Supervision?

arXiv:2604.03993v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) effectively trains reasoning models that rely on abundan

ArXiv cs.AI 🧠 Large Language Models 📄 Paper ⚡ AI Lesson 2w ago

Causality Laundering: Denial-Feedback Leakage in Tool-Calling LLM Agents

arXiv:2604.04035v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Tool-calling LLM agents can read private data, invoke external services, and trigger real-world actions, creat

ArXiv cs.AI 🧠 Large Language Models 📄 Paper ⚡ AI Lesson 2w ago

Geometric Limits of Knowledge Distillation: A Minimum-Width Theorem via Superposition Theory

arXiv:2604.04037v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Knowledge distillation compresses large teachers into smaller students, but performance saturates at a loss fl

ArXiv cs.AI 🧠 Large Language Models 📄 Paper ⚡ AI Lesson 2w ago

CoopGuard: Stateful Cooperative Agents Safeguarding LLMs Against Evolving Multi-Round Attacks

arXiv:2604.04060v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: As Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in complex applications, their vulnerability to adve

ArXiv cs.AI 🧠 Large Language Models 📄 Paper ⚡ AI Lesson 2w ago

Extracting and Steering Emotion Representations in Small Language Models: A Methodological Comparison

arXiv:2604.04064v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Small language models (SLMs) in the 100M-10B parameter range increasingly power production systems, yet whethe

ArXiv cs.AI 🧠 Large Language Models 📄 Paper ⚡ AI Lesson 2w ago

Embedding Enhancement via Fine-Tuned Language Models for Learner-Item Cognitive Modeling

arXiv:2604.04088v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Learner-item cognitive modeling plays a central role in the web-based online intelligent education system by e

ArXiv cs.AI 🧠 Large Language Models 📄 Paper ⚡ AI Lesson 2w ago

From Paper to Program: A Multi-Stage LLM-Assisted Workflow for Accelerating Quantum Many-Body Algorithm Development

arXiv:2604.04089v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Translating quantum many-body theory into scalable software traditionally requires months of effort. Zero-shot

ArXiv cs.AI 🧠 Large Language Models 📄 Paper ⚡ AI Lesson 2w ago

Many Preferences, Few Policies: Towards Scalable Language Model Personalization

arXiv:2604.04144v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: The holy grail of LLM personalization is a single LLM for each user, perfectly aligned with that user's prefer

ArXiv cs.AI 🧠 Large Language Models 📄 Paper ⚡ AI Lesson 2w ago

Uncertainty-Aware Test-Time Adaptation for Cross-Region Spatio-Temporal Fusion of Land Surface Temperature

arXiv:2604.04153v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Deep learning models have shown great promise in diverse remote sensing applications. However, they often stru

ArXiv cs.AI 🧠 Large Language Models 📄 Paper ⚡ AI Lesson 2w ago

GENFIG1: Visual Summaries of Scholarly Work as a Challenge for Vision-Language Models

arXiv:2604.04172v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: In many science papers, "Figure 1" serves as the primary visual summary of the core research idea. These figur

ArXiv cs.AI 🧠 Large Language Models 📄 Paper ⚡ AI Lesson 2w ago

Which English Do LLMs Prefer? Triangulating Structural Bias Towards American English in Foundation Models

arXiv:2604.04204v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in high-stakes domains, yet they expose only limited la

ArXiv cs.AI 🧠 Large Language Models 📄 Paper ⚡ AI Lesson 2w ago

Hierarchical Semantic Correlation-Aware Masked Autoencoder for Unsupervised Audio-Visual Representation Learning

arXiv:2604.04229v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Learning aligned multimodal embeddings from weakly paired, label-free corpora is challenging: pipelines often

ArXiv cs.AI 🧠 Large Language Models 📄 Paper ⚡ AI Lesson 2w ago

Three Phases of Expert Routing: How Load Balance Evolves During Mixture-of-Experts Training

arXiv:2604.04230v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: We model Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) token routing as a congestion game with a single effective parameter, the co

ArXiv cs.AI 🧠 Large Language Models 📄 Paper ⚡ AI Lesson 2w ago

APPA: Adaptive Preference Pluralistic Alignment for Fair Federated RLHF of LLMs

arXiv:2604.04261v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Aligning large language models (LLMs) with diverse human preferences requires pluralistic alignment, where a s

ArXiv cs.AI 🧠 Large Language Models 📄 Paper ⚡ AI Lesson 2w ago

Commercial Persuasion in AI-Mediated Conversations

arXiv:2604.04263v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: As Large Language Models (LLMs) become a primary interface between users and the web, companies face growing e

ArXiv cs.AI 🧠 Large Language Models 📄 Paper ⚡ AI Lesson 2w ago

Poisoned Identifiers Survive LLM Deobfuscation: A Case Study on Claude Opus 4.6

arXiv:2604.04289v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: When an LLM deobfuscates JavaScript, can poisoned identifier names in the string table survive into the model'

ArXiv cs.AI 🧠 Large Language Models 📄 Paper ⚡ AI Lesson 2w ago

HighFM: Towards a Foundation Model for Learning Representations from High-Frequency Earth Observation Data

arXiv:2604.04306v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: The increasing frequency and severity of climate related disasters have intensified the need for real time mon

ArXiv cs.AI 🧠 Large Language Models 📄 Paper ⚡ AI Lesson 2w ago

Effects of Generative AI Errors on User Reliance Across Task Difficulty

arXiv:2604.04319v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: The capabilities of artificial intelligence (AI) lie along a jagged frontier, where AI systems surprisingly fa

ArXiv cs.AI 🧠 Large Language Models 📄 Paper ⚡ AI Lesson 2w ago

GROUNDEDKG-RAG: Grounded Knowledge Graph Index for Long-document Question Answering

arXiv:2604.04359v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) systems have been widely adopted in contemporary large language models (L

ArXiv cs.AI 🧠 Large Language Models 📄 Paper ⚡ AI Lesson 2w ago

Compressible Softmax-Attended Language under Incompressible Attention

arXiv:2604.04384v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Across every attention head in five transformer language models (124M--7B parameters, four architecture famili

ArXiv cs.AI 🧠 Large Language Models 📄 Paper ⚡ AI Lesson 2w ago

How Alignment Routes: Localizing, Scaling, and Controlling Policy Circuits in Language Models

arXiv:2604.04385v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: We identify a recurring sparse routing mechanism in alignment-trained language models: a gate attention head r

ArXiv cs.AI 🧠 Large Language Models 📄 Paper ⚡ AI Lesson 2w ago

Relative Density Ratio Optimization for Stable and Statistically Consistent Model Alignment

arXiv:2604.04410v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Aligning language models with human preferences is essential for ensuring their safety and reliability. Althou

ArXiv cs.AI 🧠 Large Language Models 📄 Paper ⚡ AI Lesson 2w ago

Responses Fall Short of Understanding: Revealing the Gap between Internal Representations and Responses in Visual Document Understanding

arXiv:2604.04411v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Visual document understanding (VDU) is a challenging task for large vision language models (LVLMs), requiring

ArXiv cs.AI 🧠 Large Language Models 📄 Paper ⚡ AI Lesson 2w ago

Justified or Just Convincing? Error Verifiability as a Dimension of LLM Quality

arXiv:2604.04418v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: As LLMs are deployed in high-stakes settings, users must judge the correctness of individual responses, often

ArXiv cs.AI 🧠 Large Language Models 📄 Paper ⚡ AI Lesson 2w ago

Is Prompt Selection Necessary for Task-Free Online Continual Learning?

arXiv:2604.04420v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Task-free online continual learning has recently emerged as a realistic paradigm for addressing continual lear

ArXiv cs.AI 🧠 Large Language Models 📄 Paper ⚡ AI Lesson 2w ago

Training Transformers in Cosine Coefficient Space

arXiv:2604.04440v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: We parameterize the weight matrices of a transformer in the two-dimensional discrete cosine transform (DCT) do

ArXiv cs.AI 🧠 Large Language Models 📄 Paper ⚡ AI Lesson 2w ago

Conversational Control with Ontologies for Large Language Models: A Lightweight Framework for Constrained Generation

arXiv:2604.04450v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Conversational agents based on Large Language Models (LLMs) have recently emerged as powerful tools for human-

ArXiv cs.AI 🧠 Large Language Models 📄 Paper ⚡ AI Lesson 2w ago

DP-OPD: Differentially Private On-Policy Distillation for Language Models

arXiv:2604.04461v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly adapted to proprietary and domain-specific corpora that contain

ArXiv cs.AI 🧠 Large Language Models 📄 Paper ⚡ AI Lesson 2w ago

Discrete Prototypical Memories for Federated Time Series Foundation Models

arXiv:2604.04475v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Leveraging Large Language Models (LLMs) as federated learning (FL)-based time series foundation models offers

ArXiv cs.AI 🧠 Large Language Models 📄 Paper ⚡ AI Lesson 2w ago

SLaB: Sparse-Lowrank-Binary Decomposition for Efficient Large Language Models

arXiv:2604.04493v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: The rapid growth of large language models (LLMs) presents significant deployment challenges due to their massi

ArXiv cs.AI 🧠 Large Language Models 📄 Paper ⚡ AI Lesson 2w ago

One Model for All: Multi-Objective Controllable Language Models

arXiv:2604.04497v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Aligning large language models (LLMs) with human preferences is critical for enhancing LLMs' safety, helpfulne

ArXiv cs.AI 🧠 Large Language Models 📄 Paper ⚡ AI Lesson 2w ago

GAIN: Multiplicative Modulation for Domain Adaptation

arXiv:2604.04516v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Adapting LLMs to new domains causes forgetting because standard methods (full fine-tuning, LoRA) inject new di

ArXiv cs.AI 🧠 Large Language Models 📄 Paper ⚡ AI Lesson 2w ago

Multilingual Prompt Localization for Agent-as-a-Judge: Language and Backbone Sensitivity in Requirement-Level Evaluation

arXiv:2604.04532v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Evaluation language is typically treated as a fixed English default in agentic code benchmarks, yet we show th

ArXiv cs.AI 🧠 Large Language Models 📄 Paper ⚡ AI Lesson 2w ago

Mapping the Exploitation Surface: A 10,000-Trial Taxonomy of What Makes LLM Agents Exploit Vulnerabilities

arXiv:2604.04561v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: LLM agents with tool access can discover and exploit security vulnerabilities. This is known. What is not know

ArXiv cs.AI 🧠 Large Language Models 📄 Paper ⚡ AI Lesson 2w ago

Paper Espresso: From Paper Overload to Research Insight

arXiv:2604.04562v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: The accelerating pace of scientific publishing makes it increasingly difficult for researchers to stay current

ArXiv cs.AI 🧠 Large Language Models 📄 Paper ⚡ AI Lesson 2w ago

PassiveQA: A Three-Action Framework for Epistemically Calibrated Question Answering via Supervised Finetuning

arXiv:2604.04565v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved strong performance in question answering and retrieval-augmented ge

ArXiv cs.AI 🧠 Large Language Models 📄 Paper ⚡ AI Lesson 2w ago

Ruling Out to Rule In: Contrastive Hypothesis Retrieval for Medical Question Answering

arXiv:2604.04593v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) grounds large language models in external medical knowledge, yet standard

ArXiv cs.AI 🧠 Large Language Models 📄 Paper ⚡ AI Lesson 2w ago

An AI Teaching Assistant for Motion Picture Engineering

arXiv:2604.04670v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: The rapid rise of LLMs over the last few years has promoted growing experimentation with LLM-driven AI tutors.

ArXiv cs.AI 🧠 Large Language Models 📄 Paper ⚡ AI Lesson 2w ago

MUXQ: Mixed-to-Uniform Precision MatriX Quantization via Low-Rank Outlier Decomposition

arXiv:2604.04701v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Large language models (LLMs) have achieved outstanding performance across a wide range of natural language pro

ArXiv cs.AI 🧠 Large Language Models 📄 Paper ⚡ AI Lesson 2w ago

BiST: A Gold Standard Bangla-English Bilingual Corpus for Sentence Structure and Tense Classification with Inter-Annotator Agreement

arXiv:2604.04708v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: High-quality bilingual resources remain a critical bottleneck for advancing multilingual NLP in low-resource s

ArXiv cs.AI 🧠 Large Language Models 📄 Paper ⚡ AI Lesson 2w ago

What Makes Good Multilingual Reasoning? Disentangling Reasoning Traces with Measurable Features

arXiv:2604.04720v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Large Reasoning Models (LRMs) still exhibit large performance gaps between English and other languages, yet mu

ArXiv cs.AI 🧠 Large Language Models 📄 Paper ⚡ AI Lesson 2w ago

Individual and Combined Effects of English as a Second Language and Typos on LLM Performance

arXiv:2604.04723v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Large language models (LLMs) are used globally, and because much of their training data is in English, they ty

ArXiv cs.AI 🧠 Large Language Models 📄 Paper ⚡ AI Lesson 2w ago

Metaphors We Compute By: A Computational Audit of Cultural Translation vs. Thinking in LLMs

arXiv:2604.04732v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Large language models (LLMs) are often described as multilingual because they can understand and respond in ma

ArXiv cs.AI 🧠 Large Language Models 📄 Paper ⚡ AI Lesson 2w ago

Discovering Failure Modes in Vision-Language Models using RL

arXiv:2604.04733v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Vision-language Models (VLMs), despite achieving strong performance on multimodal benchmarks, often misinterpr

ArXiv cs.AI 🧠 Large Language Models 📄 Paper ⚡ AI Lesson 2w ago

Hallucination Basins: A Dynamic Framework for Understanding and Controlling LLM Hallucinations

arXiv:2604.04743v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Large language models (LLMs) hallucinate: they produce fluent outputs that are factually incorrect. We present