Python Full Course for Absolute Beginners | Python Tutorial | Python Training 2026 | Simplilearn

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[Music] Hey everyone and welcome to our Python full course by simply learn. Python is incredibly versatile language powering everything from web development and automation to AI and data analysis. It's simple yet powerful making it the perfect choice for anyone starting their coding journey. In this course, we will cover everything you need to know to become proficient in Python. First, we'll begin with the fundamentals including what Python is and how to write your first program. Then we will dive into key libraries like NumPy and Pandas which are essential for data manipulation and analysis. You'll also get hands-on with exploratory data analysis using Python helping you understand how to explore and visualize data effectively. Next, we will work on web scraping project teaching you how to extract valuable information from websites. And to wrap it up, we will go through the top five Python projects that will help you apply your skills in real world scenarios. And by the end of this course, you'll not just understand Python, but also know how to use it for data analysis, automation, and also building real world applications. So let's get started and unlock the power of Python together. If you want to watch similar videos like this, hit the subscribe button and check out our channel for more such content. Now before we get started just a quick information guys the future of technology then the professional certificate course in genai and machine learning is the perfect opportunity for you. This is offered in collaboration with the ENIT Academy IT Kpur. This 11month live and interactive program will provide you hands-on expertise in cutting edge areas like generative AI, machine learning and tools like charg hugging face. You'll gain practical experience through 15 plus projects, integrated labs and live master classes delivered by esteemed IT Kpur faculty and alongside you earn a prestigious certificate from IIT Kpur. You'll receive official Microsoft badges for Azure AI courses and career support through Simply Learn's job assist program. So what are you waiting for? Hurry up and enroll now and you can find the link below. >> The some of the most upcoming fields and some of the high prospect domains in in the market right now such as data science, AI, machine learning require Python programming. And our goal in this course is to get you to a level where you can start tackling and creating solutions to uh whatever problems you may occur whether it be in your job or in your studies or anywhere else or any personal projects that you may uh take up in the future. Now before we actually get started on the actual concepts and the fundamentals of Python, I want to show you over the next two or three videos exactly what how Python came to be. what was the philosophy behind creating this language and uh basically a brief introduction behind uh Python and Python programming. So, Python programming was developed first by a person a Dutch programmer by the name of Guido Van Ross and Python was first released by him in the year 1991. Now the design philosophy behind Python was to create a language which was much easier to read and much easier to actually code in compared to the or in contrast to the languages that were prevalent back in those days such as uh the language C. Now formally Python is an interpreted highle generalpurpose programming and what this means is that uh Python is a it's a language that can be used for a wide variety of applications as we will see later. Uh the high level uh part of this definition basically tells us that Python is written in a language that is very abstract at a much higher abstract level compared to the instructions that a computer can actually read. So in layman's term you can say that Python is very close to the actual language that we humans use and that's the way Python has been designed. And the difference between a highle programming language and a low-level programming language is that low-level languages are in essentially machine language instructions that are the actual instructions that a computer can actually understand. A highle language like Python is something that we humans understand better and we can write in it better. Now the term interpreted over here essentially means that we don't need to compile our instructions that we give in Python. Now as I mentioned earlier that the computers or any system that involves computing needs low-level language to be fed to it so that the computer can actually understand because computers cannot understand the way we write our code and this process of converting from high level to lowle called compilation and in most languages such as C there's a special process involved called compilation which we do after we create our blocks of code or scripts or whatever. Now when we say Python is an interpreted language, what this means is that we can actually work on Python and see the results right at the get- go. We can skip this step of compilation uh because our system that runs Python actually does all of that uh conversion from high level to a low-level uh language as we type our code and uh this actually speed up the process very well for us and makes programming in Python uh and other interpreted languages as well much much easier for us. Python is of course an open-source language. It's uh the most bare implementation of Python known as CPython is actually even currently being maintained by a foundation known as the soft Python software foundation. So essentially Python is being maintained developed by a group of very talented developers and it's it's open to pretty much anyone to work with and to create libraries for. This allows Python to be an amazing language in the in the modern world because in the modern world we have uh different issues and different problems in different spheres and domains that we we would need uh to update our libraries or update our packages that we use in our programming language on a very regular basis. And so Python being an open source language allows us to keep updating and keep up with the times essentially when it comes to solving problems. Now let's go over some of the features of Python and these features are actually why it's considered that using Python is advantageous over using other languages. So let's start with some of these points. Now as we mentioned Python is very uh it's a very readable program. Code readability is very important. It's one of the design philosophies behind this when it was being developed. It's very easy to learn which is why Python is an entry point for many people that are just beginning to learn programming. And uh as I mentioned earlier, it's a high level language. In Python, we since Python is open source as as I had already mentioned. So it gets it benefits from all the the benefits you get from any open source technology. Now it's also portable. So what this means is that if we create a code in Python and we create in a particular system say on Windows, we don't need to make any changes. If we wanted to use the same script or that same piece of code on some other system, say on a Linux system or a Mac system, Python itself comes with a very large standard library. This this facilitates us uh a lot because we don't need to uh create our own libraries or modules or have to download very specific libraries. Most of the problems that we do encounter quite commonly can already be solved by the standard libraries that have already been provided by the developers of Python right right from the beginning. Now later later on during the course we will uh encounter what is the meaning of a data structure. A data structure is essentially manipulation of if of an object of an object of data and um as as you will see later Python has one of the most user-friendly data structures uh that can be found in any language especially compared to some of its contemporaries. Now, Python is a dynamically programmed language and this is very important and what this means is that in most compiler based languages we there are certain processes that can only happen during the compilation stage. So what a dynamic programming language does is it takes all those uh compilation specific tasks and processes and it it does it for us as we actually type the code. So we don't need to waste time or spend extra time to do something that would otherwise be needed to be only done in compilation. We would have to set out specific uh runtime just for that. Uh so this allows us to create our programs and solutions much faster and allows us to debug much easier and u yeah so it's a it's it's a very important feature about Python. Now quickly I will just go over some of the uh areas of Python where like areas of um or or different domains where Python is very heavily implemented and the first one the first few ones that come to mind are like web development and um AI and machine learning. So you have technologies like Django and Flask that are built on top of Python that uh are used extensively for web development. When it comes to something like artificial intelligence or machine learning, you have uh distributions such as Anaconda, you have pandas and many other libraries like scypai and numpy that are used uh extensively to sort of tackle problems in this domain. And similarly, Python finds use in most of the scientific work that goes on nowadays uh because of again some of the libraries that I have already mentioned such as sci. Interestingly, if you are into game development or gaming in general, uh you would see that Python actually has certain libraries and certain uh technologies that facilitate game development very very well. One very popular game in if in case you are into gaming is a world of tanks that is built on Python. Uh some of the other applications are of course desktop creating desktop GUIs, image processing, graphic design applications and uh something that is very relevant to me and of course you as well is uh creation of education programs and training courses. Uh there are many technologies in the environment of Python that um were almost designed for the specific purpose of being able to present certain concepts or to be able to uh teach certain classes and uh uh I can't think of too many programs or too many environments outside of Python that are better to solve these uh education and training course related um problems and situations. Let's uh let's get to actually installing Python. So now that so I will show you how to install Python on Windows since I have a Windows system. Uh however, I will also point out uh the way you you would have to install Python on a on Mac OS or Linux or even on mobile. So uh yeah, let's get started. So to install Python on your Windows computer, it's as simple as going to the website python.org and selecting the downloads section. When you do click on downloads, you get redirected to this website that uh this web page that I'm on uh out here it by default it will ask you if you want to download Python 3.9 which is the latest version. But of course if you for whatever reason if you needed a particular version of Python you can download that as well uh by just scrolling down and choosing the option that you want. Now it's important to note that whatever option you choose, of course I would recommend the latest one, but no matter what option you choose, I would recommend you choose a version of Python 3 something because uh previous versions of Python, namely Python 2.7 and uh and basically every version of Python 2 something has it will not receive any more maintenance and updates uh because um the developers have decided that Python will they are trying to shift towards uh maintaining and updating Python 3 whatever completely right now. So yeah, let's not delay this uh any further and this is download Python 3.9. So once you select the option out here uh you'll be you'll get an installer. All you have to do is click on that and it'll give you two options to customize installation or install now. I would of course recommend just do install now since you're a beginner. Do not worry about what a custom installation is. If you have multiple drives in your system, by default, the Python will be downloaded into uh the drive where your Windows is actually installed, your uh your main drive. So, as you can see now that once my setup is done, it should give me a pop-up soon. So, my setup is done for Python. And this is essentially how you would um download Python on your Windows system. Uh but what if you had Mac OS or if you were using Linux? Well, for Mac it's uh it's it's actually almost as simple. You just go uh if you see out here below this download button Python option, you get the website asking you are you looking for Python on a different OS and it gives you the options of Linux, Mac and even other oss. But for Mac if you wanted you would just open this tab and just like the Windows option you would choose a version and you would choose an installer for that version. So if I wanted say Python the latest one I would just download uh this installer and I would install it on my Mac system. Now when it comes to Linux I cannot show you exactly how you would install it. There are certain commands that you have to execute. But essentially again if you would just choose the Linux option out here it would take you to a page with different installers and essentially packages for Linux systems in specific. uh what I would recommend to you if you are a Linux user and you need Python is to go over to the real python.com website and uh they have a very good uh essentially instructions on how to install Python and since I don't have a Linux system I cannot directly show you how to install Python on Linux. So yeah, if you do have Linux please head over to this website and uh this should be of a lot of help to you. Now uh as I had mentioned you can actually install Python on your mobile devices as well. So if you were say an iOS user, you would go to the iOS app store and download an app called the Pythonista app for iOS. It essentially is like a full-fledged uh Python environment where you can develop in Python on your iPhone or even iPad. Uh and if you are an Android user, you could you would go and download an app called the Pyroid 3. Uh there's a free version and a paid version for this app. And of course the difference between the free and paid is that the paid supports uh code analysis and code prediction. These are certain details you don't have to worry about right now. And uh honestly if I wouldn't uh worry too much about installing Python on your mobile devices currently since uh I am assuming most people would be learning programming and programming in Python on their PCs or laptops. What I had actually shown you was installing uh what is called an implementation of Python on your system. An implementation is essentially a program or a software or an environment that allows you to actually work in Python. So what I showed you was how to install the by default or the most basic or reference implementation that has been created by the developers which is actually called CPython. Uh even though you would not you would not have seen the word the letter C or the prefix C. Um but yeah that implementation that I had I had downloaded myself and I had shown you to download uh is actually the CPython implementation which is Python built on top of C the the C language essentially uh there are other implementations such as iron Python which uses the net framework and JPython that uses Java virtual machines uh that you could use if you were interested but again these are things that I would not worry about too much right now. So now that we have tackled on how to install your implementation of Python, I want to introduce what is called a distribution to you. Uh this distribution is called Anaconda. And aonda is a very important distribution especially if you are looking to use Python in data science and machine learning and AI which I'm assuming is the motivation for many of the people that are actually watching this video that they actually want to move into data science and they need to learn Python as a foundation towards moving towards data science and if if that is your goal or in any case whatever your goal may be I would recommend that um you install Anaconda distribution. Now do not get confused between Anaconda and Python. There Anaconda is Python with in the form of a bundle and this bundle contains not only the basic Python implementation that I had shown you to download but it contains a lot of extra libraries and technologies and softwares as well. So of course this means that would you need to download both? Of course not. If you downloaded Python, you do not need Anaconda to work on Python. And if you have already downloaded Anaconda, which I will show you how to do it in some time. If you have already downloaded Anaconda, you don't need to download Python separately. So I'll just speak about Anaconda a little briefly. So as I said, it's a distribution. It it it contains a bundle uh which includes the basic Python implementation and a lot of uh technologies and softwares and applications that essentially help us to use Python in in in specifically managing big data applications and uh data science related projects. So so now I will show you actually how to install Python I mean Anaconda on your system. It's as simple it's actually as simple as downloading just this thing. So if I did a quick quick Google of Anaconda. So the website that I'm looking for is anaconda.com and I'm looking at products and I'm looking at individual edition. There are add other editions as well like commercial team edition. These are for companies usually or uh for more professional sort of projects. So of course we are looking at the individual edition and if you selected this page you would be taken to uh this particular web page where it will ask you if you want to download and again there are options depending on which machine you're using. If you're using a Linux you would choose one of these two. If you are using Mac OS you would use one of these two. And since I am a Windows user and I have a 64-bit system this is the option I would use. So again it will it will first download an installer for you. And as you can see my installer has been uh downloaded. So upon opening it, it will open up this installation thing. You can just click next on most of these. Again, if you want to specify your destination folder, you can change it here. Mine will be with a default folder in the C drive and you can leave this unticked. You can you can change these options much later. So this is how you install Anaconda on Windows and it's pretty much the same on other systems as well. Now once it's done I will show you what exactly what are some of the things that Anaconda contains that are not there if you uh installed Python like the way I had shown you earlier just the barebones Python implementation. So as you can see here my installation is actually complete and uh now I will open Anaconda and I'll show you what how you can actually use this Anaconda. So if I search for Anaconda in my system, I would look for something called Anaconda Navigator to actually get started with this. And when I open that, it should open something like this. So this is what opens when you click on the Anaconda Navigator. And as you can see, there are bunch of applications. You don't need to worry about what these mean. uh right now uh just understand that this this is essentially a bundle of uh different applications and technologies that come along with just the normal installation of Python that you get when you install Anaconda Navigator. Now, now that we have actually tackled where we've seen how to install and I'm hoping and I would recommend definitely that everyone is watching this video installs Anaconda and not just the uh normal Python uh installation or implementation. Uh now that we have gotten all the introductions and the basics and the installations uh regarding Python aside, uh let's get right let's get down to actually creating our first script. So now the question is uh how do we actually start doing this task of creating our first Python script? How do we how do we realize uh now that we've installed uh Python like uh now let's how do we start doing something? So the answer to that question is that typically when you're working on Python the one of the most basic things that you can do is create a Python script and execute a script. A script is essentially a sequence of commands and instructions that you give for Python to run and execute to give you a certain result. So I will show you how you can create a Python script. Now there are multiple ways of creating a Python script. You can create it directly from command line which is obviously something I would not recommend because it is not convenient and easy and it's not very useful for a beginner. Another way is using a text editor such as the one I have opened right now, which is the Notepad++ text editor. Now, it's very important to not get confused uh between Notepad++ and the standard Notepad that comes with your Windows uh or Wordpad for that matter. In fact, text editors such as Notepad and Wordpad um that you are more familiar with create text and files in a form that is called rich text. Now rich text is something is text that uh contains formatting and fonts which is actually a hindrance when it comes to creating actual code. So what we need is a text editor that creates or writes text in what we call as plain text. Uh plain text is obviously text which does not contain these fonts and these formattings. Uh and it only respects white spaces and indentations those two being actually useful towards uh creating code uh unlike fonts and formatting which are only a visual thing. So, Notepad++ is obviously a text editor that creates uh plain text documents. Uh that is very that was actually created with programming in mind. Obviously, you can use a bunch of other text editors such as Whim and Atom. And you can Google for these. There are plenty of them. So, uh without any further ado, let's create our first Python script. So one of the most common one of the most famous examples of a first program in any program for that matter not just Python is creating a print statement that gives us a statement saying hello world. So in in Python this is how you would go about or this is the syntax you would use to create the statement. All right. Now where it is very important when you are saving your Python program that you use the py prefix. So, so if I were to save this, I can choose whatever folder I am going to choose. Yeah, this folder seems fine. So, now I give the file name over here as say I want to keep it as test. I need to prefix this with py and this uh tells any uh sort of interpreter or anytime we need to read the script to know that it's a python script, we need to add a py otherwise it will not be treated as a python script. it will be treated as some normal document sort of a thing. So now that I have stored it as py uh I have created my first python script. Now uh obviously the next question is I need to see uh what happens when I execute this line when I run this script essentially. So to see that um there are multiple ways the first way that I will show you is the command line method which is obviously again before we get into it it's not something that I will be using to teach you. is not something I would recommend you to immediately start using. Um but for the sake of uh showing I will show you how to execute a script in command line. Well to do this you go since I have installed Anaconda in my system and I will be using Anaconda to work in Python. What I will look for is something called the Anaconda prompt. As you can see this is the option that I get Anaconda prompt. Uh this will essentially open you a command line uh under the environment of Anaconda or Python. So in this now I'm already in the folder I believe that had my script. So how do I call this script or how do I run this script? Well the command is python space the name of my file which was test. Of course the prefix is very important. So I enter test. py. If you if this was in a different folder, you would have to change your folders in command line, which is again something that I might uh show you later. But since my file is already in the folder that I am in in my command line, I would just have to enter this command right now. So if I execute this, as you can see, it's given me an output of hello world, which is which is what I wanted. I wanted it to print this uh these two words. And of course, the command line is now waiting for the next command for me. So this is uh one of the most simple ways of or the most rudimentary ways of executing a Python script. Now another question would be well this isn't the most visually appealing or uh not the easy to read or easy to use way of um executing scripts and I would agree and that's why I'm going to introduce a another technology or a software called the IDE. So the IDE in Python or in any programming language stands for integrated development environment. It's essentially a software that not only allows us to run scripts but it allows us to create the scripts, it allows us to debug. It allows us to see outputs. It allows us to see intermediary outputs. Uh it allows us to do a wide variety of tools and tasks and uh it comes with a bunch of robust features to enhance our Python programming experience. So let's let's see. So I will show you a an IDE called spider which comes bundled along with the Anaconda distribution that I had mentioned earlier. So if I open the Anaconda Navigator as you can see the Anaconda Navigator shows me a bunch of technologies and options and I'm looking for something called the Spider IDE which is over here. As you can see here it's a scientific Python development environment. Uh this is exactly what I'm looking for. So I am looking to launch this. So now that I've launched it, you can see out here this is what an IDE looks like. Now this looks very sophisticated and it's it's a one and any almost any IDE is a wonderful software that where you can create your code, you can debug your code, you can check the results, you can make adjustments, changes and you can do a wide variety of tasks and functions with relation to your programming. So this is the spider ID in particular and this is how it looks. Don't worry about the exact details. Just know that on this left hand pane is our current script that is open out here and out here we will get the results in this. This is what we call a console console essentially. So now that we we have already created our script in notepad++ and I want to open that script and I want to see uh how an I how it would uh the result of that script would look in an IDE. So let's just open it. So we can browse for our file and as I had uh named it test. This is the file over here. I open this and as you can see out here in the left hand pane my script has opened and the command that I had given or had written is out over here. Now if I want to run this application I press this green button and as you can see the result of my my execution essentially is over here. And it's in slightly small font but as you can see over here uh it says hello world and it's wait and the next line is essentially it's it's waiting for me to do another execution of the script and then it will give me new results. So let's actually give the system new results. So now that I have printed something called hello world let's let's change what's written over here. Let's say I will perform basic maths. All right. And let's actually perform the basic maths. Again, don't worry about the details, the syntax, what I'm exactly doing. These are things that we will actually cover in the in upcoming videos and modules. So, let's create a variable called A. Let's store a a number three. Let's create a variable B. Store a number five. All right. Let's create another variable C. Uh, which will store the result of what's in A and B in the addition of A and B. All right. And let's print the result or print what's in uh this variable c or what's the result of a plus b. I will print a statement saying the result of the addition of three and five is all right and I will put my result over here. As you can see uh I should get the result in this pane. So let's execute this and you can see uh my first line is executed saying I will perform basic maths and the next line says the result of the addition of three and five is eight. So uh this in this script what I've done is I performed uh two print statements and I've performed a basic expression some variable assignments. All of these things we will be doing later. This is what I'm what I'm essentially trying to show you is that uh IDEs are a very convenient way of uh not only creating the scripts but actually seeing the results and then making adjustments as well. We can uh we can create a completely new script. We don't need to create a script from some special file or text editor. Uh I can just create a new file here and this is my new script essentially. So I can start working on with this new script right over here from the get- go. So idees are very powerful. Spider IDE comes uh bundled with Anaconda. There are other idees such as the IDLE IDE. It stands for um indicated uh development and learning environment. So the idle uh IDE comes uh as part of the uh basic Python implementation that I had shown you in the previous video where you if you just installed a basic uh Python uh implementation, it would come along with a basic IDE known as or integrated development and learning environment. But of course since we are using Python and this is what I would recommend uh it comes with a more robust IDE called spider uh which is actually very very helpful for scientific uh and numeric applications um and was designed specifically with that in mind. Now uh this is not the only way we can actually work with Python. There's another very interesting and uh a very educative method of creating Python let's say Python programs and it's something that I will be using extensively throughout this course to explain different concepts. So this technology is called or this software is called uh notebooks. Now before I get into the details I will straight I will just open not a basic notebook. So the notebook that comes as part of Anaconda is called the Jupyter notebook. And when I open or when I launch the Jupyter notebook, this is what I get. Now a very important feature or a a feature of notebooks is that notebooks a web browser or a web- based application. So you it's not something that you can use if you are offline or disconnected. basically if you're disconnected from the internet, it is something where which for which you would need an active uh internet connection. Uh however, it is way more robust and it has very very good uh properties that allow it to be used in education or for presentations and such. So as you can see this is my Jupyter notebook. These are a bunch of folders. You don't need to worry about what these are right now. I will show you how to create a fresh notebook. So if you go here and you go to new and you select under notebook the Python 3 option it will open you your first notebook. As you can see um this line is essentially waiting for me to enter some sort of a command or a statement that I would give in a normal Python thing. Now if you would have noticed the diff in uh until now everything that we were doing involved us uh creating a script which was the whole series of commands and functions. So if I go back to my spider IDE, as you can see like this is a whole script and this script contains multiple different uh tasks and functions that are individually uh being performed. So this is a separate print function, this is a separate addition, another separated print function. And for longer uh programs or larger programs, you like you'll have multiple different tasks being uh done. And if you were using a script, you can only see the result of something like this by executing the whole thing at once. You cannot see exactly like what is the result of just this print statement or just this. Uh it's not typically uh what an IDE is used for. And this is where notebooks come in super handy. Uh if I had to break down my previous script essentially where I first did a print statement where I said some random thing say hello. Yeah. So if I execute this particular line, you can see it gives me the result. Now I want to do what is 5 + 3. It should give me the result over here 8. Now the next another part of your program might be storing five and three into variables. So I can do this and I can do this. So now this line will store the variables. Now I want to do the addition of what is 5 + 3. But I want to use the variables and I want to see what's the result. As you can see, a + b means 5 + 3, which is 8. And I've essentially broken down various different parts of my previous script into into its individual tasks. And I'm able to see what each part of that script does. And this is very good when it comes to making presentations or trying to teach a class. So I will personally be using notebooks a lot to explain different different concepts of um different concepts when it comes to Python. And I would recommend that you get used to uh notebooks in general because uh it's an amazing way to learn Python programming or programming in general in fact. And again as I had mentioned earlier, notebooks are something that it's an online application. It's a web- based application. So I will have to need a active internet connection to be able to work on a notebook which could be a disadvantage if you do not have a consistent internet connection. And in that case you would probably use your idees or text editor which can be used offline as well. In this video we will be introduced to the concept of variables and expressions. Let's start with expressions. Well an expression in Python is anything that results in a value. its difference or the difference between an expression and a standard statement in Python is that a statement in Python is something that results in an action or an execution of a command. There is no calculation per se or any sort of manipulation or as I said earlier calculation resulting in between two different say numbers or other objects that results in a value and this happens in the case of an expression. So for example, if I were to add two numbers, say 5 + 10, this is an expression which should where two objects five and 10 are being added and a result is being given to me which is 15. Now let's see an example of a statement. Well, a statement could be something like a print statement. So when I ask Python to print something for me, it's not calculating anything. It's not evaluating anything. It's simply performing an action that I have or a command that I have given the system which is to print whatever I have entered over here as you can see. So this is a statement. Similarly there are uh another type of statement known as assignment statements which we will learn actually right in the next section. Well let's move on to variables right now. Now earlier you might have learned about objects in Python. So objects are essentially data uh that we can work with or manipulate in Python. Now variables are a place to store these different objects. Um usually uh it's much easier to store objects in Python instead of using the objects explicitly themselves because objects may be very comp complicated whereas variables are very simple to use and very simply uh very are named in a very simple manner so that we can use them quite often in our programs. Now it's important to note that in Python we do not have to explicitly declare or define a variable to create them. In fact, variables are created in the same statement where we assign some object to that variable. In Python, the assignment of variables happens using the assignment operator which is the equals to sign. So if I were to if I wanted to assign a number say 100 to a variable say B. Well, it would be as simple as doing this. Now, anytime I want to know what is stored in B, I just have to enter B and I will get the value that is stored in it. And we can store different types of objects inside a any variable. Let's say I store I want to store this particular word in the form of a string. Now this is stored in X. And if I want to know what is an X, I can just see what is here and it's a string hello which I have stored earlier. Now it's very important that we follow certain naming rules when it comes to naming our variables in Python or else we may be thrown errors or we might get some problems in our program. So the first rule is that you cannot start your variable name with a number. So if I were to give a variable name like fornum is equal to something say the same string hello this would be an illegal variable name and I would get an error when I try this. So if I were to choose say num for is equal to hello. This would be perfectly fine. I won't get an error. The second rule is we are not allowed to use any non-alpha numeric characters except the underscore character while naming our variable. So for example, if I were to name my variable num_4 and I say I said random some random string, this is perfectly fine. However, if I change num_4 to num-en 4, this will throw me an error as you can see over here. Next, the third rule is that variable names are case-sensitive. So if if I have a variable called num or say num. If this was one of my variables and I stored say the value 50, this is not the same as me writing num all in capitals and say storing some other value 60. These are two different variables. So it's very important that when you name your variables, you are aware of what case you are writing them in because Python variables are case sensitive. Now the final and probably one of the most important rules in Python is that you're not allowed to use what we call reserve words in Python. Now Python has a bunch of reserve words. These words essentially are performed or they are used to perform certain special functions and are used as identifiers for certain special functions in Python that we that have a special purpose like that particular word has a special purpose within the Python programming language and we cannot use them to name our variables. So a list of them as you can see over here some of them are like false deaf if uh d raise and there are like there are around 33 of them and uh sometimes some of these words are taken out sometimes there are more words added as Python gets updated now let's let's move on to a concept uh where we try to really understand what do we mean by storing data inside a variable now when I say that we are storing something inside a variable able you get an image or you get an idea in your head that this variable is like a container where we store or we put a particular object inside it. So does this mean that variables have a place in the memory? Are they also an object that is placed in the memory where we can put other objects inside of? Well, I'll show you an example where this idea is kind of disproven or where I'll show you that the idea of variable is kind of different than what we understand by storing something inside a variable. Now let's say I'm storing the same object. Uh I will take this object as some random number. Let's say 100. And I'm going to store it into two different variables. So I take x is equal to 100 over here. And in the next line I will store 100 in y as well. Now if objects were I mean if variables were objects that we place in our system then x and y should have two different ids. But let's see what happens when I check the ID of X and the ID of Y. They should be different in case variables were their own objects. However, as you can see, the ID of X and the ID of Y are exactly the same. So, well, obviously we know that two different objects in Python cannot have the same ID. So, does this so what does this mean when it comes to the nature of a variable? Well, the the fact is that variables are not actually objects in Python. In fact, variables are more like pointers or references to the actual object. So when I said x is equal to 100 and y is equal to 100, what I'm actually telling the system is that there is this variable name called x that I want to refer or point towards the actual object that is in my memory called 100. And I do the same thing with another variable y. So I am not exactly creating a a different space in my system for these variables. These variables are more like placeholders or references that point to a particular place in the memory where this object is located. And that is what happens when I do ID of X and ID of Y. It's not giving me the ID of something called X or the ID of something called Y. It's giving me the ID of 100 each time because 100 is stored in X and Y. So as you can see this is something like a vis visual representation of what I'm trying to say. And similarly if if I were to so in this example on the left as you can see I've used the uh value of 50 to explain my point. So as you can see initially x and y are pointing towards this value 50 because I have stored 50 and 50 in both x and y. Now what if I changed the object that is stored in x? Well that means x is now pointing towards this new object and I have stored this new object called hello. the string called hello as you can see here. So now X is pointing to a new object in the system and it's called hello and I haven't changed anything with respect to Y. So Y will point towards the same thing and I can also make the pointer of Y different or what I'm trying to say is I can store something else in Y. See I stored this list in Y 50 60 and 100 and when I do that now Y is pointing towards a different object in Python and X is also pointing towards something else. So what happens to this object 50? Well, now that there's no variable referring to this object 50, it becomes what we call an orphaned object. And we can actually see that when we do the ID of X, now let's go back to my example on the right where I stored X is equal to 100. So as you can see it, it gives me some ID represented by this number. Now let's say I stored X, I stored something different in X, say 200. Now if I do the id of x, it should give me a different id because as you can see the values are different and this is because this object 200 is what is stored in x and when I do the id of x I'm actually getting the id of this new object now 200. So as you can see point as you can see variables are they should be and they are treated more like references or pointers uh instead of containers for a particular object. In this video, you will be introduced to the concept of objects in Python. Now, what are objects in Python? Well, all the data that we manipulate or use in our operations in our code are represented as objects or relations between objects. So, if you want an example, two numbers that you add in your code, well, both of them are objects and they're usually numeric type objects. Similarly, if you want to store someone's name or an address of your hometown in your code, you usually store it in a form of text and that text is also an object, usually a string. Similarly, you might want to create a container of different smaller objects inside them. And that big container is also a type of an object and one of those containers are called lists. And similarly, we have many different types of objects which we will be covering during the duration of this course. The following pictorial representation gives us a broad classification of different Python data types and objects. As you can see, there are five broad classifications. Numeric, which contains integers, complex numbers, and floats. We have the dictionary data type. We have the boolean, which essentially consists of objects that have only two valid values, true or false. Then we have sets. And we have sequence data types such as strings, lists, and pupils. Every object in Python has three important properties that kind of define that particular object. They are its identity, its type and its value. The identity of an object is it can be considered as a place in the memory or its address in the memory where an object is stored. An object's identity does not change once it has been created. So for example, if I took an example of say a string called hello, I can use the id function which is this is how you use the id function to find out the id of this object and it should be uh the answer should be in the form of uh a particular long integer. So as you can see the id of hello is this integer 2 3264 766 23024. Similarly all objects in python have an identity. We have another operation with uh regarding the identity of an object is the is operator and the is operator compares the identity of two objects. So if two objects have the same identity, it should give the answer true otherwise false. Now the next property of objects is the type. Type of an object is essentially uh what defines what kind of values and operations that that object can have. So for example, a numeric DR type in Python such as an integer would allow us to do arithmetic operations and similarly string object type in Python will allow us to do concatenation operations. Much like its identity, the type of an object cannot be changed as well. Now let's see what's the type of that particular object that I had shown you above. As you can see, it should be string. Str stands for string. Similarly, if I did a type for a number, say 50, it should give me int as you can see. Now, the third property of an object in Python is its value. Now, the value is the actual data that is contained in the object. It's the thing that we use that we display that we can manipulate and that we can perform operations on. So, for example, if I were to talk about this string, the string is hello. So the value of the string is the word or the sequence of letters that spell out hello. And similarly this particular object is a numeric object with the value 50. Let's see in this in this pictorial representation I have shown you that you can assume this dish blue area as the memory of the system. Now within this memory we have objects created called 50 and hello and this list containing smaller objects called cat pen and 40. Now what I'm trying to show you here is each of these objects have a type an ID and a value. And let's see what they are. So if I wanted to see as we had already seen the type of 50. Now let's find the ID of 50. As you can see, we get this unique ID for the object 50, which is obviously not the same as the ID of the object hello above. And the value of this object is the value 50 itself. So that was a brief introduction into objects in Python. In this video, we will cover the topics of numeric object types and type conversions in Python. Now, let's get started. Numeric object types in Python are a broad classification of objects. Plenty of common real life applications that we associate with numerals such as arithmetic operations and calculus are done in Python using numeric object data types. There are three main types of numerals or numeric data types in Python. They are integers, float and complex. Integers as the name suggests represent all integer values in Python. These can be such as 100 minus 3 to 305 and so on. Floats are used to represent numerals that contain decimal points such as 100.3, 3.9, 4.8, - 6.8 and so on. Then there is the complex object type which is used to represent complex numbers in Python. And this is an example of a complex number 3 + 7 J. This is a complex number 3 + 7 J where the real component is 3 and the imaginary component is 7. All complex numbers have a real and an imaginary component. And this is how we denote them. Now it's important to note that this J is a very common symbol in maths and engineering used to denote the im imaginary portion of a complex number. And it's the same in Python as well. So moving on, let's talk about type conversion in Python. Type conversion refers to the conversion of an object from one data type to another. For example, from string to an integer. And there are different types of conversions. And let's go through some of them. First of all, let's consider the conversion of something to an integer. And more specifically, let's consider the example where we convert a string to an integer. So let's consider my example string to be some something called 145. And I'm storing this within a string for a reason because I want to convert a string to an integer. So as you can see, I have stored this 145 within my uh within a variable x. And if I were to confirm that is actually an integer, I can use the type function and see that it is actually an integer str. Now let's convert this into an integer using the int function. So how would we use it is simply passing the int uh simp by passing the variable that we want to convert into the int function. And as you can see this is what I've done over here. But before this I will also store it into another variable. All right. Now let's see what's in Y. Well, Y gives us 1 145. But are we sure that it's an int? We can just check it by using the type function. And as you can see, the type gives us uh the answer int. That means that we've converted the string to an int. Interestingly, we can convert something and also specify what base we have to treat the number as. By default when we pass something in the int function the program or Python will treat whatever we hav