Multi-Agent Systems: From Classical Paradigms to Large Foundation Model-Enabled Futures

arXiv:2604.18133v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: With the rapid advancement of artificial intelligence, multi-agent systems (MASs) are evolving from classical paradigms toward architectures built upon large foundation models (LFMs). This survey provides a systematic review and comparative analysis of classical MASs (CMASs) and LFM-based MASs (LMASs). First, within a closed-loop coordination framework, CMASs are reviewed across four fundamental dimensions: perception, communication, decision-makin