Masking Causality and Conditional Dependence

arXiv:2603.06984v2 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: Many regulatory and analytic problems require that a prohibited variable influence a decision only through a designated allowable channel -- a conditional-independence requirement that arises in path-specific fairness, the handling of classified information, and the regulation of trading on non-public information, among other settings. Such requirements may be enforced either stratum-by-stratum or, more commonly (and more efficiently), th