Can LLMs Refuse Questions They Do Not Know? Measuring Knowledge-Aware Refusal in Factual Tasks

arXiv:2510.01782v2 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: Large Language Models (LLMs) should refuse to answer questions beyond their knowledge. This capability, which we term knowledge-aware refusal, is crucial for factual reliability, while existing metrics fail to capture this ability. In this work, we propose the Refusal Index (RI), a novel and principled metric that measures how accurately LLMs refuse questions they do not know. We define RI as Spearman's rank correlation between refusal pr